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1 state
1. noun1) (condition) Zustand, derstate of the economy — Wirtschaftslage, die
the state of play — (Sport) der Spielstand
the state of play in the negotiations/debate — (fig.) der [gegenwärtige] Stand der Verhandlungen/Debatte
the state of things in general — die allgemeine Lage
a state of war exists — es herrscht Kriegszustand
be in a state of excitement/sadness/anxiety — aufgeregt/traurig/ängstlich sein
2) (mess)what a state you're in! — wie siehst du denn aus!
3) (anxiety)be in a state — (be in a panic) aufgeregt sein; (be excited) ganz aus dem Häuschen sein (ugs.)
get into a state — (coll.) Zustände kriegen (ugs.)
don't get into a state! — reg dich nicht auf! (ugs.)
4) (nation) Staat, der[affairs] of State — Staats[geschäfte]
the [United] States — sing. die [Vereinigten] Staaten
6)7) (pomp) Prunk, der2. attributive adjective1) (of nation or federal state) staatlich; Staats[bank, -sicherheit, -geheimnis, -dienst]2) (ceremonial) Staats-3. transitive verb‘please state full particulars’ — "bitte genaue Angaben machen"
2) (specify) festlegen* * *I [steit] noun1) (the condition in which a thing or person is: the bad state of the roads; The room was in an untidy state; He inquired about her state of health; What a state you're in!; He was not in a fit state to take the class.) der Zustand2) (a country considered as a political community, or, as in the United States, one division of a federation: The Prime Minister visits the Queen once a week to discuss affairs of state; The care of the sick and elderly is considered partly the responsibility of the state; ( also adjective) The railways are under state control; state-controlled / owned industries.) der Staat, Staats-...3) (ceremonial dignity and splendour: The Queen, wearing her robes of state, drove in a horse-drawn coach to Westminster; ( also adjective) state occasions/banquets.) der Staat, Staats-...•- academic.ru/70394/stately">stately- stateliness
- statesman
- statesmanlike
- statesmanship
- get into a state
- lie in state II [steit] verb(to say or announce clearly, carefully and definitely: You have not yet stated your intentions.) erklären* * *[steɪt]I. nthey complained about the untidy \state that the house had been left in sie beschwerten sich über die Unordnung, in der das Haus zurückgelassen worden warthe car was in a good \state of repair das Auto war in gutem Zustanda sorry \state of affairs traurige Zustände\state of the market COMM Marktverfassung\state of siege/war Belagerungs-/Kriegszustand meconomic \state wirtschaftliche Lageoriginal \state ursprünglicher Zustand2. (physical condition) körperliche [o physische] Verfassungin a \state of dormancy im Schlafzustand\state of exhaustion/fatigue Erschöpfungs-/Ermüdungszustand mto be in a poor/good \state of health in einem schlechten/guten Gesundheitszustand seinher mother is in a poor \state of health ihrer Mutter geht es nicht gut\state of intoxication Vergiftung f\state of rest Ruhezustand mwe were worried by his depressed \state of mind seine niedergeschlagene Stimmung machte uns Sorgenshe has been in a \state of euphoria ever since hearing the news sie ist ganz euphorisch, seit sie die Neuigkeit erfahren hatconscious \state [volles] Bewusstseinsemi-conscious \state Dämmerzustand munconscious \state Bewusstlosigkeit fto [not] be in a fit \state to do sth [nicht] in der Lage sein, etw zu tunto be in a \state mit den Nerven fertig sein famto get in[to] a \state [about sth] [wegen einer S. gen] durchdrehen5. SCIsolid/liquid/gaseous \state CHEM fester/flüssiger/gasförmiger Zustand6. SOCIOL\state of matrimony Stand m der Ehemarried \state Ehestand mhow do you enjoy the married \state? wie bekommt dir die Ehe?single \state Leben nt als Single7. REL\state of grace Stand m der Gnadeone-party/member \state Einparteien-/Mitgliedsstaat moffice of \state Staatsamt ntthe separation of Church and S\state die Trennung von Kirche und Staatthe Queen rode in \state to open Parliament die Königin ritt in vollem Staat zur Parlamentseröffnungthe pomp befitting a queen's \state die einer Königin angemessene Prachtto lie in \state aufgebahrt seinII. adj attr, inv1. (pertaining to a nation) staatlich, Staats-\state monopoly Staatsmonopol nt, staatliches Monopol\state ownership Staatseigentum nt, staatliches Eigentum\state religion Staatsreligion f2. (pertaining to unit)the \state capital of Texas die Hauptstadt von Texas\state fishing license für einen US-Bundesstaat gültige Angelerlaubnis\state forest/park von einem US-Bundesstaat finanzierter Wald/Park\state police Polizei eines US-Bundesstaates\state sales tax von einem US-Bundesstaat erhobene Umsatzsteuer3. (pertaining to civil government) Regierungs-\state document Regierungsdokument nt, amtliches Schriftstück\state enrolled/registered nurse BRIT staatlich zugelassene/geprüfte [o examinierte] Krankenschwester\state records Regierungsunterlagen pl\state subsidy [staatliche] Subvention\state support staatliche Unterstützung4. (showing ceremony) Staats-\state banquet Staatsbankett nt\state funeral Staatsbegräbnis ntthe S\state Opening of Parliament die offizielle Eröffnung des Parlaments\state visit Staatsbesuch mIII. vt1. (express)▪ to \state sth etw aussprechen [o äußern]the problem can be \stated in one sentence man kann das Problem in einen Satz fassento \state one's case seine Sache vortragento \state one's objections seine Einwände vorbringento \state one's opinion seine Meinung sagento \state the source die Quelle angebento \state sth clearly/emphatically etw deutlich/mit Nachdruck sagento \state the obvious [or a commonplace] eine Binsenweisheit von sich dat geben▪ to \state that... erklären, dass...to \state formally that... offiziell bekanntgeben, dass...▪ to \state why/what/how... darlegen, warum/was/wie...2. (specify, fix)▪ to \state sth etw nennen [o angeben]to \state conditions [or terms] Bedingungen nennento \state demands Forderungen stellen* * *[steɪt]1. n1) (= condition) Zustand mstate of health/mind/war/siege — Gesundheits-/Geistes-/Kriegs-/Belagerungszustand m
married/single state — Ehe-/Ledigenstand m
to be in a state of weightlessness — sich im Zustand der Schwerelosigkeit befinden
in a liquid/solid state —
where animals live in their natural state — wo Tiere im Naturzustand leben
in a good/bad state — in gutem/schlechtem Zustand
he's in no (fit) state to do that — er ist auf gar keinen Fall in der Verfassung, das zu tun
look at the state of your hands! — guck dir bloß mal deine Hände an!
2) (inf3) (= rank) Stand m, Rang m4) (= pomp) Aufwand m, Pomp m2. vtdarlegen, vortragen; name, price, amount nennen, angeben; preference, purpose angeben; opposition, intention anmeldento state that... — feststellen or erklären, dass...
it must be clearly stated in the records... — es muss aus den Akten einwandfrei hervorgehen,...
as stated in my letter I... — wie in meinem Brief erwähnt,... ich...
* * *state [steıt]A2. POL US (Bundes-, Einzel)Staat m:state law Rechtsordnung f des Einzelstaates;4. Zustand m:state of consciousness Bewusstseinszustand;state of inertia PHYS Beharrungszustand;in a state of nature im Naturzustand;they are still in a state of nature sie laufen noch so herum, wie Gott sie geschaffen hat;state of war MIL Kriegszustand;be in a state of war with sich im Kriegszustand befinden mit; → emergency A, equilibrium, health 2, repair1 B 5, siege A 1b) umg Erregung f:get into a state wahnsinnig nervös werden;don’t get into a state nur keine Aufregung!6. Stand m, Lage f:state of the art neuester Stand der Wissenschaft oder Technik;state of convergence EU: Konvergenzlage f, -stand m (bei Vereinheitlichung von Gesetzen mehrerer Staaten etc);state of the economy wirtschaftliche Gesamtlage;8. PHIL Sein n, Dasein n:the future state das zukünftige Leben;state of being Seinsweise f9. MED, ZOOL etc Stadium n10. (gesellschaftliche) Stellung, Stand m:in a style befitting one’s state standesgemäß11. Pracht f, Staat m:lie in state aufgebahrt sein;live in state großen Aufwand treiben12. pl POL, HIST (Land)Stände pl14. a) Erhaltungszustand m (eines Buches etc)b) Teilausgabe fa first state ein Erstdruck16. MIL Stärkemeldung fB adj1. staatlich, Staats…:state-aided staatlich unterstützt;state apparatus Staatsapparat m;state banquet Staatsbankett n;state capitalism Staatskapitalismus m;state-controlled unter staatlicher Aufsicht;state court US einzelstaatliches Gericht;state funeral Staatsbegräbnis n;state mourning Staatstrauer f;state prayers (anglikanische Kirche) Gebete für das Königshaus, die Geistlichkeit und das Parlament;state-owned staatseigen, staatlich, Staats…;be state-owned in Staatsbesitz sein;state prison US Strafanstalt eines Bundesstaates für längere Freiheitsstrafen;state property Staatseigentum n;state religion Staatsreligion f;state secret Staatsgeheimnis n;state-subsidized staatlich subventioniert;state visit Staatsbesuch m2. Staats…, Prunk…:state bed Parade-, Prunkbett n;state carriage Staatskarosse f;state occasion besonderer oder feierlicher Anlass;state robe Amtsrobe fC v/t2. erklären:a) seine Ansichten etc darlegen3. Tatsachen etc anführen:state in one’s defence that … zu seiner Verteidigung anführen, dass …;state the reason why … erklären oder den Grund angeben, weshalb …4. erwähnen, bemerken5. feststellen, konstatieren6. ein Problem etc stellen7. MATH (mathematisch) ausdrücken* * *1. noun1) (condition) Zustand, derstate of the economy — Wirtschaftslage, die
the state of play — (Sport) der Spielstand
the state of play in the negotiations/debate — (fig.) der [gegenwärtige] Stand der Verhandlungen/Debatte
be in a state of excitement/sadness/anxiety — aufgeregt/traurig/ängstlich sein
2) (mess)3) (anxiety)be in a state — (be in a panic) aufgeregt sein; (be excited) ganz aus dem Häuschen sein (ugs.)
get into a state — (coll.) Zustände kriegen (ugs.)
4) (nation) Staat, der[affairs] of State — Staats[geschäfte]
the [United] States — sing. die [Vereinigten] Staaten
6)State — (civil government) Staat, der
7) (pomp) Prunk, der2. attributive adjective1) (of nation or federal state) staatlich; Staats[bank, -sicherheit, -geheimnis, -dienst]2) (ceremonial) Staats-3. transitive verb1) (express) erklären; (fully or clearly) darlegen; äußern [Meinung]; angeben [Alter usw.]‘please state full particulars’ — "bitte genaue Angaben machen"
2) (specify) festlegen* * *n.Rang ¨-e m.Staat -en m.Stand ¨-e m.Status -se m.Zustand -¨e m. v.darlegen v.erklären v.festlegen v.festsetzen v.konstatieren v. -
2 state
I [steit] noun1) (the condition in which a thing or person is: the bad state of the roads; The room was in an untidy state; He inquired about her state of health; What a state you're in!; He was not in a fit state to take the class.) stanje2) (a country considered as a political community, or, as in the United States, one division of a federation: The Prime Minister visits the Queen once a week to discuss affairs of state; The care of the sick and elderly is considered partly the responsibility of the state; ( also adjective) The railways are under state control; state-controlled / owned industries.) država3) (ceremonial dignity and splendour: The Queen, wearing her robes of state, drove in a horse-drawn coach to Westminster; ( also adjective) state occasions/banquets.) državniški•- stately- stateliness
- statesman
- statesmanlike
- statesmanship
- get into a state
- lie in state II [steit] verb(to say or announce clearly, carefully and definitely: You have not yet stated your intentions.) oznaniti* * *I [stéit]nounstanje, položaj; razmere, okolnosti; slabo (strašno, neverjetno) stanje; status; colloquially razburjenje ( over zaradi); sijaj, pomp, blišč, razkošje; svečanost, ceremonija; dostojanstvo; družbeni položaj, čast, stan; čin; plural državni stanoviin state — svečano, v svečani uniformi; z velikim pompomstate of emergency military politics izjemno stanjestate of facts juridically dejansko stanjestate of the Union message American (letno) obračunsko poročilo naroduto be in quite a state over s.th. — biti zelo razburjen nad čemto lie in state — ležati na svečanem mrtvaškem odru (npr. umrli kralj)the States General history skupščina treh stanov (v Franciji)II [stéit]noun(State, state) država, državna uprava; plural zakonodajno telo na Guernseyu in Jerseyufree state — (v ZDA) država, v kateri ni bilo suženjstvaslave state — (v ZDA) država, v kateri je bilo suženjstvothe Secretary of State American sekretar (minister) za zunanje zadeveIII [stéit]adjectivedržaven; svečan, gala, razkošen; paradenstate occasion — posebna, slovesna prilikastate prisoner — političen zapornik; oseba, ki je v zaporu zaradi težkega zločinastate room — svečana dvorana; nautical luksuzna kabina (na ladji)state call colloquially vljudnostni, službeni obiskIV [stéit]transitive verbdoločiti; potrditi; dognati, ugotoviti; trditi, navesti, izjaviti; pojasniti, jasno razložiti, specificirati; omeniti, pripomniti; mathematics izraziti (problem) z matematičnimi simboliit was officially stated that... — uradno je bilo potrjeno, da...to state the reason why — navesti razlog, zakaj -
3 reason
reason ['ri:zən]raison ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (b) maintenir ⇒ 2 (a) calculer ⇒ 2 (a) conclure ⇒ 2 (a) persuader ⇒ 2 (b) raisonner ⇒ 31 noun∎ what is the reason for his absence? quelle est la raison de son absence?;∎ there is a reason for his doing that il y a une raison pour qu'il fasse ça;∎ did he give a reason for being so late? a-t-il donné la raison d'un tel retard?;∎ what reason could they give for such inhuman acts? comment peuvent-ils justifier des actes d'une telle cruauté?;∎ I (can) see no reason for disagreeing or to disagree je ne vois pas pourquoi je ne serais pas d'accord;∎ all the more reason for trying again or to try again raison de plus pour réessayer;∎ to have reason enough (to do sth) avoir de bonnes raisons (de faire qch);∎ you have every reason or good reason to be angry vous avez de bonnes raisons d'être en colère;∎ that's no reason to get annoyed ce n'est pas une raison pour s'énerver;∎ we have/there is reason to believe he is lying nous avons de bonnes raisons de croire/il y a lieu de croire qu'il ment;∎ the reason (why) they refused la raison de leur refus, la raison pour laquelle ils ont refusé;∎ she wouldn't tell me the reason why elle ne voulait pas me dire pourquoi;∎ give me one good reason why I should believe you! donne-moi une bonne raison de te croire!;∎ I chose him for the simple reason I liked him je l'ai choisi pour la simple (et bonne) raison qu'il me plaisait;∎ reasons of state la raison d'État;∎ for reasons of health pour raisons de santé;∎ for reasons best known to herself pour des raisons qu'elle est seule à connaître;∎ for some reason (or other), for one reason or other pour une raison ou pour une autre;∎ for no other reason than that I forgot pour la simple raison que j'ai oublié;∎ for no particular reason sans raison particulière;∎ why do you ask? - oh, no particular reason pourquoi est-ce que tu me demandes ça? - oh, comme ça;∎ for no reason at all sans aucune raison;∎ but that's the only reason I came! mais c'est pour ça que je suis venue!;∎ they were upset, and with (good) reason ils étaient bouleversés, et pour cause;∎ to give sb good reason for doing sth donner de bonnes raisons à qn de faire qch;∎ give me one good reason why I should! donne-moi une raison valable pour que je le fasse!;∎ she's my reason for living elle est ma raison de vivre(b) (common sense, rationality) raison f;∎ he lost his reason il a perdu la raison;∎ he won't listen to reason il refuse d'entendre raison;∎ I can't make her listen to reason je n'arrive pas à lui faire entendre raison ou à la raisonner;∎ at last he saw reason il a fini par entendre raison;∎ your demands are beyond all reason vos exigences dépassent les limites du raisonnable;∎ it stands to reason (that…) il va de soi ou sans dire (que…+ indicative);∎ that stands to reason c'est logique, ça va de soi;∎ man has the power of reason l'homme est doué de raison∎ they reasoned that the fault must be in the cooling system ils en ont déduit que la défaillance devait provenir du système de refroidissement∎ I reasoned him out of the idea je l'ai persuadé ou convaincu d'abandonner son idée;∎ she reasoned me into/out of going elle m'a persuadé/dissuadé d'y allerraisonner;∎ to reason with sb raisonner qn;∎ I tried to reason with them j'ai essayé de les raisonner ou de leur faire entendre raison;∎ humorous ours is not to reason why il ne faut pas chercher à comprendreen raison de;∎ to be found not guilty by reason of insanity être déclaré non-coupable pour cause de démence∎ for reasons of space/national security pour des raisons de place/de sécurité nationaledans la limite du raisonnable;∎ you can do what you like, within reason vous pouvez faire ce que vous voulez, dans la limite du raisonnable(maths problem) résoudre; (one's differences) résoudre en discutant -
4 ♦ reason
♦ reason /ˈri:zn/n.1 [uc] ragione; motivo; for financial [legal, economic] reasons, per ragioni finanziarie [legali, economiche]; for reasons of safety, per ragioni di sicurezza; for some reason, per qualche ragione; for obvious reasons, per ovvi motivi; for no specific reason, senza un preciso motivo; unaccountable reason, strana ragione; There is no reason to believe that he lied, non c'è motivo di credere che abbia mentito; What is the reason for your visit?, qual è la ragione della tua visita?; He told her his reasons for wanting to interrupt his studies, le ha spiegato le sue ragioni per interrompere gli studi; There's no reason why you shouldn't come, non c'è motivo per cui tu non debba venire; The reason you feel so tired is that you don't sleep enough, la ragione per la quale ti senti così stanco è che non dormi abbastanza; She said she was leaving but gave no reasons, ha detto che se ne andava ma non ha dato spiegazioni; I see no reason why she shouldn't come with us, non vedo perché non dovrebbe venire con noi; All the more reason for you to refuse, a maggior ragione dovresti rifiutare (o avresti fatto bene a rifiutare); There is no earthly reason why he should refuse, non c'è un motivo al mondo perché debba rifiutare; for reasons best known to himself [herself, etc.], per ragioni che solo lui [lei, ecc.] conosce: For reasons best known to themselves, they decided not to report the accident, per ragioni che solo loro conoscono, hanno deciso di non denunciare l'incidente; for no ( apparent) reason, senza motivo (apparente); for one reason or another, per un motivo o per l'altro; a good reason, un buon (o valido) motivo; to set out one's reasons, dichiarare (o spiegare) le proprie ragioni; to specify the reasons for st., indicare esattamente le cause di qc.; to state the reason for st., motivare qc.; all the more reason, una ragione di più: All the more reason to accept their offer, una ragione di più per accettare la loro offerta2 ragione ( contrario di torto): He always complains, with or without reason, si lamenta sempre, a torto o a ragione NOTA D'USO: - ragione-3 ragione, intelletto: the age of reason, l'età della ragione; to listen to (o to hear) reason, essere ragionevole; farsi convincere: He won't listen to reason, non vuole sentir ragione; to lose one's reason, perdere la ragione; to regain one's reason, riacquistare l'uso della ragione; There is reason in what you say, quel che dici è ragionevole; c'è del vero in ciò che dici● for reasons beyond sb. 's control, per ragioni di forza maggiore □ to bring sb. to reason, ridurre q. alla ragione; far ragionare q. □ by reason of, a causa di; a motivo di □ to give reasons for st., render ragione di qc. □ out of all reason, (in modo) del tutto irragionevole □ to be restored to reason, riacquistare l'uso della ragione □ to see reason, diventare ragionevole; farsi convincere □ to see reason to do st., aver motivo di far qc. □ within reason, nei limiti del ragionevole □ It stands to reason that…, non si può negare che…; è ovvio che…(to) reason /ˈri:zn/A v. i.2 – to reason with, ragionare con; cercare di convincere: You simply cannot reason with him, con lui non si può proprio ragionareB v. t.2 arguire: Comparing men and apes, Darwin reasoned that they must have a common ancestor, confrontando l'uomo e la scimmia, Darwin arguì che dovevano avere un antenato comune; He reasoned that the robbers must have had inside knowledge, ha riflettuto e concluso che i rapinatori dovevano esser stati informati da qualcuno all'interno3 convincere ( con il ragionamento): to reason sb. into doing st., convincere q. a fare qc.; to reason sb. out of an idea, convincere q. a rinunciare a un'idea● to reason out, risolvere con il ragionamento: to reason out a problem, risolvere un problema. -
5 reason
1.['riːzn]noun1) (cause) Grund, derthere is [no/every] reason to assume or believe that... — es besteht [kein/ein guter] Grund zu der Annahme, dass...
have no reason to complain or for complaint — sich nicht beklagen können
for that [very] reason — aus [eben] diesem Grund
no particular reason — (as answer) einfach so
all the more reason for doing something — ein Grund mehr, etwas zu tun
for no obvious reason — aus keinem ersichtlichen Grund
for the [simple] reason that... — [einfach,] weil...
by reason of — wegen; aufgrund
lose one's reason — den Verstand verlieren
you can have anything within reason — du kannst alles haben, solange es im Rahmen bleibt
not listen to reason — sich (Dat.) nichts sagen lassen
2. intransitive verbit stands to reason that... — es ist unzweifelhaft, dass...
1) schlussfolgern ( from aus)2)reason with — diskutieren mit (about, on über + Akk.)
3. transitive verbyou can't reason with her — mit ihr kann man nicht vernünftig reden
ours not to reason why — es ist nicht unsere Sache, nach dem Warum zu fragen
Phrasal Verbs:- academic.ru/90768/reason_out">reason out* * *rea·son[ˈri:zən]I. nthe \reason [that] I'm asking is that... der Grund, warum ich frage, ist, dass...for \reasons best known to herself, she's decided to... aus Gründen, die nur sie allein kennt, hat sie beschlossen zu...there's no \reason to complain es gibt keinen Anlass, sich zu beschwerengive me one good \reason why I should stay nenne mir einen guten Grund, warum ich bleiben solltefor \reasons of health aus gesundheitlichen Gründennot guilty by \reason of insanity LAW nicht schuldig wegen Unzurechnungsfähigkeitfor \reasons of state aus Gründen der Staatsräsonthere is every \reason to believe that... es spricht alles dafür, dass...to have good/every [good]/no \reason to do sth guten/allen/keinen Grund haben, etw zu tunthe police have every good \reason to believe that... die Polizei hat allen Grund zur Annahme, dass...for no obvious/particular \reason aus keinem ersichtlichen/besonderen Grundfor personal \reasons aus persönlichen Gründenfor some \reason aus irgendeinem Grundby \reason of sth aufgrund [o wegen] einer S. genthe \reason why [der Grund,] warumthe \reason why he did it was a mystery to us all [der Grund,] warum er es getan hast, war uns allen ein RätselI'd like to know the \reason why ich wüsste gern, warum [o weshalb]and that's the \reason why we decided against it und deshalb [o darum] haben wir uns dagegen entschiedenand that's the \reason why! und das ist der Grund dafür!to do sth with \reason etw aus gutem Grund tunshe was furious, and with \reason sie war wütend, und das aus gutem Grundthere is \reason to believe that... es gibt Grund zur Annahme, dassto have \reason to believe that... Grund zur Annahme haben, dass...the power of \reason logisches Denkvermögenthere was \reason in what he said was er sagte, klang vernünftigthe Age of R\reason das Zeitalter der Vernunftto reach the age of \reason vernünftig werdento be [or go] beyond all \reason vollkommen unsinnig seinto bring sb to \reason jdn zur Vernunft bringenthey tried to persuade him, but he wouldn't listen to \reason sie versuchten, ihn zu überreden, aber er ließ sich einfach nichts sagenit stands to \reason that... es ist logisch, dass...within \reason innerhalb eines vernünftigen Rahmensyou can choose your own gift, within \reason wenn es im Rahmen bleibt, kannst du dir dein Geschenk selbst aussuchenwe'll do anything within \reason to... wir werden alles was in unserer Macht steht tun, um...to lose one's \reason den Verstand verlierenII. vi1. (form judgments)\reasoning from past experience, she was convinced that... aufgrund ihrer [früheren] Erfahrung war sie davon überzeugt, dass...2. (persuade)▪ to \reason with sb vernünftig mit jdm redenthe police \reasoned with the hijackers to at least let the children go die Polizei versuchte, die Kidnapper [dazu] zu überreden, wenigstens die Kinder freizulassen▪ to \reason with sb that... versuchen, jdm klarzumachen, dass...III. vt1. (deduce)▪ to \reason that... schlussfolgern, dass...▪ to \reason from sth that... aus etw [schluss]folgern [o schließen], dass...from the suitcase in the passage, Gerald \reasoned that his aunt had arrived aus dem Koffer im Gang schloss Gerald, dass seine Tante eingetroffen war2. (persuade)I \reasoned him into telling the truth ich überredete ihn, die Wahrheit zu sagen▪ to \reason sb out of sth jdm etw ausredenwe have to \reason him out of giving up his studies wir müssen ihm die Idee ausreden, sein Studium aufzugeben* * *['riːzn]1. nreason for living or being — Grund m zum Leben
my reason for going, the reason for my going — (der Grund,) weshalb ich gehe/gegangen bin
to give sb reason for complaint — jdm Anlass or Grund zu Klagen geben
the police had no reason to interfere — die Polizei hatte keinen Grund einzugreifen; (but did) die Polizei hat ohne Grund eingegriffen
I want to know the reason why — ich möchte wissen, weshalb
and that's the reason why... — und deshalb...
I have (good) reason/every reason to believe that... — ich habe (guten) Grund/allen Grund anzunehmen, dass...
there is reason to believe that... — es gibt Gründe zu glauben, dass...
there is every reason to believe... — es spricht alles dafür...
with (good) reason — mit gutem Grund, mit Recht
without any reason — ohne jeden Grund or Anlass, grundlos
for no particular/apparent reason — ohne einen bestimmten/ersichtlichen Grund
why did you do that? – no particular reason — warum haben Sie das gemacht? – einfach nur so
for no other reason than that... —
for some reason (or ( an)other) — aus irgendeinem Grund
for reasons best known to himself/myself — aus unerfindlichen/bestimmten Gründen
all the more reason for doing it or to do it — umso mehr Grund, das zu tun
by reason of — wegen (+gen)
for reasons of State this was never disclosed — die Staatsräson machte die Geheimhaltung erforderlich
2) no pl (= mental faculty) Verstand mto lose one's reason —
3) no pl (= common sense) Vernunft fhe won't listen to reason — er lässt sich (dat) nichts sagen
we'll do anything within reason to... — wir tun alles, was in unserer Macht steht, um zu...
you can have anything within reason — Sie können alles haben, solange es sich in Grenzen hält
2. vi1) (= think logically) vernünftig or logisch denken2)(= argue)
to reason (with sb) — vernünftig mit jdm redenthere's no reasoning with him — mit ihm kann man nicht vernünftig reden
3. vt1)to reason why/what... — sich (dat) klarmachen, warum/was...
ours is not to reason why — es steht uns nicht an zu fragen, warum
he reasoned that if we hurried we could get there by 6 o'clock — er argumentierte, dass wir um 6.00 Uhr dort ankommen könnten, wenn wir uns beeilen würden, er rechnete vor, dass wir bis 6.00 Uhr dort sein könnten
* * *reason [ˈriːzn]A shave (no) reason to do sth (keinen) Grund oder (keine) Veranlassung haben, etwas zu tun;have reasons to celebrate Grund zum Feiern haben;I have my reasons for saying this ich sage das nicht von ungefähr;the reason why (der Grund,) weshalb;for the same reason aus dem gleichen Grund oder Anlass;for one reason or another aus irgendeinem Grund;for reasons of health aus Gesundheitsgründen;for reasons of space aus Platzgründen;he did this for reasons best known to himself aus unerfindlichen Gründen; if sth like this happens, it is for a reason dann hat das (s)einen Grund;by reason of wegen, infolge (gen);with reason aus gutem Grund, mit Recht;b) völlig grundlos, ohne den geringsten Grund;without good reason ohne triftigen Grund;not without reason nicht ohne Grund, nicht umsonst;there is (no) reason to suppose that … es besteht (kein) Grund zu der Annahme, dass …;there is every reason to believe that … alles spricht dafür, dass …;there is good reason for optimism es gibt guten Grund, optimistisch zu sein;all the more reason ein Grund mehr (for doing, to do zu tun)2. Begründung f, Rechtfertigung f:3. (ohne art) Vernunft f:a) Verstand mb) Einsicht f:within reason innerhalb eines vernünftigen Rahmens;there is reason in what you say was du sagst, hat Hand und Fuß;bring sb to reason jemanden zur Vernunft oder Räson bringen;lose one’s reason den Verstand verlieren;listen to reason Vernunft annehmen;regain one’s reason wieder zur Vernunft kommen;it stands to reason that … es leuchtet ein, dass …; es ist (doch wohl) klar, dass …B v/i1. logisch denken, vernünftig urteilenhe is not to be reasoned with er lässt nicht mit sich redenC v/t1. schließen, folgern ( beide:from aus)reasoned wohldurchdacht3. zu dem Schluss kommen ( that dass)5. (vernünftig) erörtern:reason away etwas wegdiskutieren6. jemanden durch Argumente überzeugen:reason sb into (out of) sth jemandem etwas ein-(aus)reden7. begründen8. logisch formulieren* * *1.['riːzn]noun1) (cause) Grund, derthere is [no/every] reason to assume or believe that... — es besteht [kein/ein guter] Grund zu der Annahme, dass...
have no reason to complain or for complaint — sich nicht beklagen können
for that [very] reason — aus [eben] diesem Grund
no particular reason — (as answer) einfach so
all the more reason for doing something — ein Grund mehr, etwas zu tun
for the [simple] reason that... — [einfach,] weil...
by reason of — wegen; aufgrund
you can have anything within reason — du kannst alles haben, solange es im Rahmen bleibt
not listen to reason — sich (Dat.) nichts sagen lassen
2. intransitive verbit stands to reason that... — es ist unzweifelhaft, dass...
1) schlussfolgern ( from aus)2)3. transitive verbreason with — diskutieren mit (about, on über + Akk.)
ours not to reason why — es ist nicht unsere Sache, nach dem Warum zu fragen
Phrasal Verbs:* * *n.Anlass -¨e m.Grund ¨-e m.Ursache -n f.Vernunft f.Verstand -¨e m. v.argumentieren v.logisch denken ausdr.venünftig reden ausdr.vernünftig urteilen ausdr.überlegen v. -
6 reason
1. [ʹri:z(ə)n] nI1. причина; основаниеwhat is the reason of the tides? - почему бывают приливы?
what is the reason of the dew? - почему выпадает роса?
by reason of..., for the reason that... - по причине того, что..., из-за того, что...
the scheme failed by reason of bad organization - этот план провалился из-за плохой организации
for no other reason than that I forgot - разг. по той простой причине, что я забыл
with reason - с основанием, по основательным причинам
with good reason - с полным правом /основанием/, совершенно обоснованно
2. (субъективное) основание, мотив, соображение; оправданиеfor reasons of State - обыкн. ирон. по государственным соображениям
reasons for and against doing smth. - соображения за и против какого-л. поступка
to give reasons for doing smth. - а) объяснить свои поступки; б) изложить мотивы, по которым что-л. должно быть сделано
to prove with reasons - доказать аргументами, представить резонные соображения
I have good reason to fear that... - у меня все основания /я имею полное право/ опасаться, что...
I have good reasons for doing [for saying] this - я имею полное право поступать так [так говорить]
did he give any reason? - он привёл какие-л. доводы?; он что-нибудь привёл в своё оправдание?
give me your reasons for refusing - мотивируйте свой отказ, изложите мотивы вашего отказа
alleging as his reason that... - мотивируя тем, что...
for reasons best known to oneself - разг. по каким-то таинственным соображениям
all the more reason for going /why I should go/ - (мне) тем более следует уехать
the reason why I dislike him is... - он мне не нравится потому, что...
3. объяснение, обоснование; мотивированное заявлениеa woman's reason см. woman 1
reasons adduced - юр. мотивы постановления суда
to give /to yield, to render/ (a) reason - предоставить /дать/ объяснения (своему поведению и т. п.)
4. лог. малая посылка ( силлогизма)II1. разум, интеллектpure reason - филос. чистый разум
2. 1) здравый рассудок (в противоп. сумасшествию)to lose one's reason - сойти с ума, помешаться
2) часто разг. здравый смысл, благоразумие, здравомыслиеto bring smb. to reason - образумить кого-л.
to listen to /to hear/ reason - внять доводам рассудка; прислушаться к голосу разума
to speak /to talk/ reason - говорить /судить/ здраво
you can't make him listen to reason, he will not listen to reason - он и слышать ничего не хочет, его не убедишь
there is reason in what you say - в том, что вы говорите, есть здравый смысл
it is quite within reason to suggest... - благоразумно предположить...; здраво рассуждая, можно предположить...
in reason - а) в разумных пределах; б) в соответствии со здравым смыслом; разумно
it is not in reason to expect me to... - было бы неразумно /странно/ ожидать, что я...
I'm willing to do anything in reason - в разумных пределах я готов сделать всё
out of all reason - чрезмерный; ≅ ни в какие ворота не лезет
it stands to reason - а) разумеется; понятно; ясно, очевидно ( в ответах); б) здравый смысл подсказывает
it stands to reason that... - всякому здравомыслящему человеку понятно, что...; отсюда явно следует, что...
as in reason - как и следовало ожидать; как и следует
without rhyme or reason см. rhyme I ♢
3. редк. разумный поступок; (благо)разумное поведениеit is reason, reason is - это (будет) благоразумно
it is no /not/ reason - это (будет) неразумно
2. [ʹri:z(ə)n] vit is but reason that I should rejoice - вполне понятно, что я радуюсь
1. 1) размышлять, рассуждать (логически); делать выводы, умозаключатьto reason about /of, on, upon/ a subject - обдумывать что-л.; размышлять /раздумывать, рассуждать/ о каком-л. предмете
to reason from premises - делать вывод из посылок; сделать логический вывод
to reason that... - прийти к выводу, что...
I reason in this way on the matter - я прихожу к такому выводу по этому вопросу; я так рассуждаю /сужу/ об этом деле
2) мыслитьthe ability to reason makes man different from animals - способность мыслить отличает человека от животного
2. обсуждать; дебатировать, дискутировать; рассуждать ( вслух)to reason what is to be done - обсуждать, что (нужно) сделать
to reason why [how] smth. was done - рассуждать о том, почему [как] что-л. было сделано
3. 1) (with) уговаривать, урезонивать (кого-л.)we reasoned with him for an hour - мы целый час его урезонивали /пытались его убедить/
2) (into) уговорить, убедить (в чём-л.)to reason smb. into smth. /into doing smth./ - уговорить кого-л. сделать что-л.
to reason smb. into obedience [into accepting a proposal] - уговорить кого-л. подчиниться [принять предложение]
3) (out of) разубеждать (в чём-л.)to reason smb. out of smth. /out of doing smth./ - отговорить кого-л. от чего-л.; разубедить кого-л.
to reason smb. out of his fears - убедить кого-л. в неосновательности его опасений
to reason smb. out of a false belief - убедить кого-л. в неосновательности его убеждения
4. преим. p. p. обосновывать, аргументировать; доказыватьto reason that... - аргументировать /мотивировать/ тем, что...; приводить в качестве довода то, что...
you must reason your case a bit more - вы должны лучше обосновать /аргументировать/ свою позицию
his speech was admirably reasoned - его выступление было прекрасно аргументировано
♢
their's not to reason why ( Tennyson) - не их дело рассуждать о причинах -
7 reason
{'ri:zən}
I. 1. причина, основание (for), довод, аргумент
by REASON of поради, по причина на
with (good) REASON с основание, не без основание, основателно
for REASONs of state/health по държавни/здравословни причини
for REASONs best known to myself по причини, които само аз си знам
for a very good REASON съвсем/напълно основателно
all the more REASON for (c ger) още едно (важно) основание да
2. здрав разум, разсъдък
to listen to/hear REASON вслушвам се в добри/разумни съвети
to bring someone to REASON вразумявам някого
in/within REASON разумно, приемливо
I'll do anything in/within REASON ще направя всичко, което може да се иска от мен
the price of meat is out of all REASON цената на месото e невероятна
it stands to REASON очевидно/естествено e
II. 1. разсъждавам, мисля
обмислям (и с out)
2. доказвам, аргументирам, заключавам
REASONed statement аргументирано изказване/твърдение
3. обсъждам, разисквам
reason into убеждавам/скланям да (и с ger), to REASON someone into coming убеждавам някого да дойде
to REASON someone into a sensible course of action убеждавам някого да постъпи разумно
to REASON oneself into perplexity обърквам се от много разсъждения
reason out of разубеждавам, отклонявам от, убеждавам в неправилността на
reason with увещавам, мъча се да убедя* * *{'ri:zъn} n 1. причина, основание (for), довод, аргумент; by reason(2) {'ri:zъn} v 1. разсъждавам, мисля; обмислям (и с out); 2.* * *съображение; убеждавам; увещавам; обмислям; обсъждам; основание; причина; аргумент; аргументирам; разисквам; разсъдък; разсъждавам; разум; довод; доказвам; заключавам се;* * *1. all the more reason for (c ger) още едно (важно) основание да 2. by reason of поради, по причина на 3. for a very good reason съвсем/напълно основателно 4. for reasons best known to myself по причини, които само аз си знам 5. for reasons of state/health по държавни/здравословни причини 6. i'll do anything in/within reason ще направя всичко, което може да се иска от мен 7. i. причина, основание (for), довод, аргумент 8. ii. разсъждавам, мисля 9. in/within reason разумно, приемливо 10. it stands to reason очевидно/естествено e 11. reason into убеждавам/скланям да (и с ger), to reason someone into coming убеждавам някого да дойде 12. reason out of разубеждавам, отклонявам от, убеждавам в неправилността на 13. reason with увещавам, мъча се да убедя 14. reasoned statement аргументирано изказване/твърдение 15. the price of meat is out of all reason цената на месото e невероятна 16. to bring someone to reason вразумявам някого 17. to listen to/hear reason вслушвам се в добри/разумни съвети 18. to reason oneself into perplexity обърквам се от много разсъждения 19. to reason someone into a sensible course of action убеждавам някого да постъпи разумно 20. with (good) reason с основание, не без основание, основателно 21. доказвам, аргументирам, заключавам 22. здрав разум, разсъдък 23. обмислям (и с out) 24. обсъждам, разисквам* * *reason[´ri:zən] I. n 1. разум, разсъдък; здрав разум; to refuse to listen to ( hear) \reason не желая да се вслушвам в здравия разум (в разумни съвети, да бъда убеден); to bring s.o. to \reason накарвам някого да се осъзнае; as \reason was както повеляваше здравият разум; in \reason разумно, приемливо; without rhyme or \reason без всякакъв смисъл, чиста безсмислица, глупости; it stands to \reason ( that) логично е, съвсем ясно е, (че); 2. причина, основание, довод, аргумент; by \reason of поради, по причина на; to give \reasons for представям аргумент за; out of all \reason невероятно, без причина; to have good \reason to имам основание да; имам основателни причини да ...; for \reasons of State ( health) по държавни (здравословни) причини; the \reason why разг. причината; II. v 1. разсъждавам, мисля, обмислям; заключавам; доказвам; аргументирам; a \reasoned statement добре аргументирано твърдение (изложение); his speech was admirably \reasoned речта му беше изумително логична; to \reason the question обмислям добре въпроса; to \reason out the answer измислям (откривам) отговора; to \reason about (of, upon) разсъждавам, обмислям; 2. обсъждам, разисквам ( over); 3. увещавам, убеждавам ( with). -
8 reason
rea·son [ʼri:zən] nthe \reason [that] I'm asking is that... der Grund, warum ich frage, ist, dass...;for \reasons best known to herself, she's decided to... aus Gründen, die nur sie allein kennt, hat sie beschlossen,...;the \reason why... der Grund, warum...;for \reasons of health aus gesundheitlichen Gründen;not guilty by \reason of insanity law nicht schuldig wegen Unzurechnungsfähigkeit;give me one good \reason why... nenne mir einen guten Grund, warum...;for no particular \reason aus keinem besonderen Grund;for personal \reasons aus persönlichen Gründen;for some \reason aus irgendeinem Grundto do sth with \reason etw aus gutem Grund tun;she was furious, and with \reason sie war wütend, und das aus gutem Grundthe power of \reason logisches Denkvermögenyou can choose your own gift, within \reason wenn es im Rahmen bleibt, kannst du dir dein Geschenk selbst aussuchen;the Age of R\reason das Zeitalter der Vernunft;to reach the age of \reason vernünftig werden;they tried to persuade him, but he wouldn't listen to \reason sie versuchten, ihn zu überreden, aber er ließ sich einfach nichts sagen;it stands to \reason that... es ist logisch, dass...to lose one's \reason den Verstand verlierenPHRASES:for \reasons of state aus Gründen der Staatsräson;by \reason of sth aufgrund [o wegen] einer S. gen vi1) ( form judgments)to \reason from sth von etw dat ausgehen;\reasoning from past experience, she was convinced that... aufgrund ihrer [früheren] Erfahrung war sie davon überzeugt, dass...2) ( persuade)to \reason with sb vernünftig mit jdm reden;the police \reasoned with the hijackers to at least let the children go die Polizei versuchte, die Kidnapper zu überreden, wenigstens die Kinder freizulassen;to \reason with sb that... jdm klarmachen, dass... vt1) ( use logic)to \reason that... schlussfolgern, dass...2) ( persuade)to \reason sb into [doing] sth jdn zu etw dat überreden;to \reason sb out of [doing] sth jdm etw ausreden -
9 reason
ˈri:zn
1. сущ.
1) разум, рассудок, ум, интеллект bereft of reason Syn: mind, brain, intellect, mentality
2) благоразумие, здравомыслие;
здравый смысл within reason ≈ в пределах разумного to stand to reason ≈ быть ясным, понятным;
казаться само собой разумеющимся It stands to reason that the majority party will be reelected. ≈ Кажется разумным, что снова будет избрана партия большинства. I'll do anything for you within reason. ≈ Я сделаю для Вас все в пределах разумного. sound reason Syn: prudence, discretion
3) а) причина, повод, основание, основа by reason of ≈ по причине;
из-за to have a reason for not going ≈ иметь уважительную причину, чтобы не идти( куда-л.) The real reason behind their decision was never made public. ≈ Настоящая причина этого решения никогда не объявлялась. The reason that/why she did it is a mystery. ≈ По какой причине она это сделала, остается загадкой. He quit for personal reasons. ≈ Он уволился по личным причинам. cogent reason compelling reason convincing reason every reason plausible reason strong reason sufficient reason underlying reason urgent reason valid reason б) соображение, мотив;
довод, аргумент;
оправдание (against;
behind;
for) personal reason
2. гл.
1) рассуждать, размышлять (about, of, upon - о чем-л.) ;
делать выводы Syn: think, consider
2) убеждать, уговаривать( into) to reason out of smth. ≈ разубеждать в чем-л. to reason with smb. ≈ урезонивать кого-л. reason into
3) аргументировать, обосновывать;
доказывать, приводить доводы a carefully reasoned analysis ≈ тщательно аргументированный анализ Syn: argue
4) уст. обсуждать, дискутировать Syn: discuss ∙ reason against reason away reason out reason with Syn: argue причина;
основание - the * of eclipses причина затмений - what is the * of the tides? почему бывают приливы? - what is the * of the dew? почему выпадает роса? - she had a * for laughing у нее была причина для смеха - by * of..., for the * that... по причине того, что..., из-за того, что... - the scheme failed by * of bad organization этот план провалился из-за плохой организации - for no other * than that I forgot( разговорное) по той простой причине, что я забыл - for *s beyond control по независящим обстоятельствам - with * с основанием, по основательным причинам - not without * не без основания - with good * с полным правом /основанием/, совершенно обоснованно - he complains with * у него есть основания жаловаться( субъективное) основание, мотив, соображение;
оправдание - for economy *s по соображениям экономии - for family *s по семейным обстоятельствам - for *s of State обыкн. (ироничное) по государственным соображениям - *s for and against doing smth. соображения за и против какого-л. поступка - to give *s for one's preference обосновать свой выбор - to give *s for doing smth. объяснить свои поступки;
изложить мотивы, по которым что-л. должно быть сделано - to prove with *s доказать аргументами, представить резонные соображения - I saw * to suspect him у меня были основания подозревать его - I have good * to fear that... у меня все основания /я имею полное право/ опасаться, что... - I have good *s for doing this я имею полное право поступать так - did he give any *? он привел какие-л. доводы?;
он что-нибудь привел в свое оправдание? - give me your *s for refusing мотивируйте свой отказ, изложите мотивы вашего отказа - alleging as his * that... мотивируйте тем, что... - the * behind the proposal мотивировка предложения - for *s best known to oneself( разговорное) по каким-то таинственным соображениям - I see no * to do this не вижу никакой необходимости делать это - all the more * for going /why I should go/ (мне) тем более следует уехать - the * why I dislike him is... он мне не нравится потому, что... объяснение, обоснование;
мотивированное заявление - a woman's * (ироничное) женская логика - *s adduced (юридическое) мотивы постановления суда - to give /to yield, to render/ (a) * предоставить (дать) объяснения (своему поведению и т. п.) (логика) малая посылка( силлогизма) разум, интеллект - pure * (философское) чистый разум - only man has * только человек - существо разумное здравый рассудок (в противоп. сумасшествию) - bereft of * умалишенный - to lose one's * сойти с ума, помешаться - his * failed him utterly его рассудок совершенно помутился - he was restored to * к нему вернулся рассудок (о сумасшедшем) часто( разговорное) здравый смысл, благоразумие, здравомыслие - to bring smb. to * образумить кого-л. - to listen to /to hear/ * внять доводам рассудка;
прислушаться к голосу разума - to speak /to talk/ * говорить /судить/ здраво - you can't make him listen to *, he will not listen to * он и слышать ничего не хочет, его не убедишь - there is * in what you say в том, что вы говорите, есть здравый смысл - contrary to * идущий вразрез со здравым смыслом - it is quite within * to suggest... благоразумно предположить...;
здраво рассуждая, можно предположить... - in * в разумных пределах;
в соответствии со здравым смыслом;
разумно - everything in * всему есть мера - to pay anything in * заплатить любую разумную цену - it is not in * to expect me to... было бы неразумно /странно/ ожидать, что я... - I'm willing to do anything in * в разумных пределах я готов сделать все - out of all * чрезмерный;
ни в какие ворота не лезет - the price is out of all * это несусветная цена - it cost me a sum out of all * я заплатил за это бешеные деньги - it stands to * разумеется;
понятно;
ясно;
очевидно( в ответах) ;
здравый смысл подсказывает - it stands to * that... всякому здравомыслящему человеку понятно, что...;
отсюда явно следует, что... - as in * как и следовало ожидать;
как и следует - as * was как подсказывал здравый смысл (редкое) разумный поступок;
(благо) разумное поведение - it is *, * is это (будет) благоразумно - it is no /not/ * это (будет) неразумно - it is but * that I should rejoice вполне понятно, что я радуюсь размышлять, рассуждать (логически) ;
делать выводы, умозаключать - to * about /of, on, upon/ a subject обдумывать что-л.;
размышлять /раздумывать, рассуждать/ о каком-л. предмете - to * from premises делать вывод из посылок;
сделать логический вывод - to * from past experience сделать выводы из опыта прошлого - to * that... прийти к выводу, что... - we must * from what is probable мы должны исходить из вероятности - I * in this way on the matter я прихожу к такому выводу по этому вопросу;
я так рассуждаю /сужу/ об этом деле мыслить - the ability to * makes man different from animals способность мыслить отличает человека от животного обсуждать;
дебатировать, дискутировать;
рассуждать (вслух) - to * what is to be done обсуждать, что (нужно) сделать - to * why smth. was done рассуждать о том, почему что-л. было сделано ( with) уговаривать, урезонивать (кого-л.) - we *ed with him for an hour мы целый час его урезонивали /пытались его убедить/ (into) уговорить, убедить ( в чем-л.) - to * smb. into smth. /into doing smth./ уговорить кого-л. сделать что-л. - to * smb. into obedience уговорить кого-л. подчиниться( out of) разубеждать (в чем-л.) - to * smb. out of smth. /out of doing smth./ отговорить кого-л. от чего-л.;
разубедить кого-л. - to * smb. out of his fears убедить кого-л. в неосновательности его опасений - to * smb out of a false belief убедить кого-л. в неосновательности его убеждения преим. р.р. обосновывать, аргументировать;
доказывать - to * that... аргументировать /мотивировать/ тем, что...;
приводить в качестве довода то, что... - you must * your case a bit more вы должны лучше обосновать /аргументировать/ свою позицию - his speech was admirably *ed его выступление было прекрасно аргументировано (with) (устаревшее) (библеизм) спорить или беседовать( с кем-л.) > their's not to * why (Tennyson) не их дело рассуждать о причинах actual ~ истинная причина bereft of ~ без сознания, без чувств bereft of ~ умалишенный ~ разум, рассудок;
благоразумие;
to bring to reason образумить;
to hear (или to listen to) reason прислушаться к голосу разума;
to lose one's reason сойти с ума ~ причина, повод, основание;
соображение, мотив;
довод, аргумент;
оправдание;
by reason of по причине;
из-за by ~ of its general sense по своему общему смыслу cogent ~ убедительная причина compelling ~ неопровержимый довод to give reasons (for smth.) объяснить причины (чего-л.), сообщить свои соображения (по поводу чего-л.) with (или not without) ~ не без основания;
he complains with reason он имеет все основания жаловаться ~ разум, рассудок;
благоразумие;
to bring to reason образумить;
to hear (или to listen to) reason прислушаться к голосу разума;
to lose one's reason сойти с ума ~ разум, рассудок;
благоразумие;
to bring to reason образумить;
to hear (или to listen to) reason прислушаться к голосу разума;
to lose one's reason сойти с ума primary ~ основная причина reason аргумент ~ аргументировать;
доказывать;
reason out продумать до конца ~ излагать мотивы ~ интеллект ~ мотив ~ обсуждать ~ основание ~ причина, повод, основание;
соображение, мотив;
довод, аргумент;
оправдание;
by reason of по причине;
из-за ~ причина ~ разум, рассудок;
благоразумие;
to bring to reason образумить;
to hear (или to listen to) reason прислушаться к голосу разума;
to lose one's reason сойти с ума ~ разум ~ рассуждать (about, of, upon - о чем-л.) ~ соображение ~ убеждать, уговаривать (into) ;
to reason out (of smth.) разубеждать (в чем-л.) ;
to reason (with smb.) урезонивать (кого-л.) ~ убеждать, уговаривать (into) ;
to reason out (of smth.) разубеждать (в чем-л.) ;
to reason (with smb.) урезонивать (кого-л.) ~ for remission of sentence основание для освобождения от наказания ~ for termination основание для прекращения ~ of complaint основание для подачи жалобы ~ of complaint основание для подачи иска ~ аргументировать;
доказывать;
reason out продумать до конца ~ убеждать, уговаривать (into) ;
to reason out (of smth.) разубеждать (в чем-л.) ;
to reason (with smb.) урезонивать (кого-л.) ~ to believe основание считать strong ~ веское основание strong: ~ сильный, веский;
серьезный;
strong sense of disappointment сильное разочарование;
strong reason веская причина valid ~ веское соображение valid ~ убедительный довод with (или not without) ~ не без основания;
he complains with reason он имеет все основания жаловаться -
10 reason
1. n причина; основаниеby reason of …, for the reason that … — по причине того, что …, из-за того, что …
for no other reason than that I forgot — по той простой причине, что я забыл
with reason — с основанием, по основательным причинам
2. n основание, мотив, соображение; оправданиеto prove with reasons — доказать аргументами, представить резонные соображения
I have good reason to fear that … — у меня все основания опасаться, что …
give me your reasons for refusing — мотивируйте свой отказ, изложите мотивы вашего отказа
alleging as his reason that … — мотивируя тем, что …
valid reason — веское основание; уважительная причина
3. n объяснение, обоснование; мотивированное заявление4. n лог. малая посылка5. v размышлять, рассуждать; делать выводы, умозаключатьto reason from premises — делать вывод из посылок; сделать логический вывод
to reason that … — прийти к выводу, что …
6. v мыслитьthe ability to reason makes man different from animals — способность мыслить отличает человека от животного
7. v обсуждать; дебатировать, дискутировать; рассуждатьto reason what is to be done — обсуждать, что сделать
8. v уговаривать, урезонивать9. v уговорить, убедитьhis mind is pervious to reason — он поддаётся убеждению, его можно убедить
10. v разубеждать11. v преим... обосновывать, аргументировать; доказыватьto reason that … — аргументировать тем, что …; приводить в качестве довода то, что …
12. v уст. библ. спорить или беседоватьСинонимический ряд:1. argument (noun) argument; ground; proof; wherefore; why; whyfor2. basis (noun) basis; foundation; justification; warrant3. cause (noun) antecedent; cause; determinant; occasion4. explanation (noun) account; excuse; explanation; ratiocination; rationale; rationalisation; rationalization5. motive (noun) consideration; motive; spring6. objective (noun) aim; design; impetus; incentive; intention; object; objective7. point (noun) case; point8. rationalism (noun) common sense; discernment; intellect; intelligence; judgement; rationalism; understanding9. reasons (noun) grounds; motivation; purpose; reasons10. sense (noun) judgment; logic; rationale; rationality; sense11. wit (noun) acumen; lucidity; mind; saneness; sanity; senses; soundness; soundnesss; wit; wits12. argue (verb) argue; contend; convince; discuss; dispute; influence; persuade13. think (verb) analyse; analyze; cerebrate; cogitate; conclude; contemplate; debate; deduce; deliberate; examine; induce; infer; rationalise; rationalize; reflect; speculate; thinkАнтонимический ряд:fallacy; falsification; folly; guess; impropriety; intuition; irrationality; misconception; misinterpretation; pretence; pretext; wrong -
11 reason
grunn--------årsakIsubst. \/ˈriːzn\/1) grunn, årsak, forklaring, begrunnelse• do you have a reason for this?2) forstand, vett3) fornuft, rimelighetand with reason og det med rette• he complains, and with reasonby reason of på grunn avbring somebody to reason snakke noen til fornuft, snakke noen til rettedo anything within reason gjøre alt innen rimelighetens grenserfor a (very) good reason av (svært) gode grunnerfor certain reasons av visse årsakerfor some reason (or other) av en eller annen grunnfor some unknown reason av ukjent årsaklose one's reason miste forstandenreasons for judgement ( jus) domsgrunnerreasons of state statshensynregain one's reason få tilbake forstandenstand to reason være åpenbart, være logiskwithin reason rimelig, akseptabel, innen rimelighetens grenserIIverb \/ˈriːzn\/1) resonnere, slutte, tenke, trekke fornuftsslutninger• he reasoned that...han tenkte som så at...2) diskutere, argumentere, resonnere, snakke fornuft3) overtale4) ( gammeldags) snakke, talereason away bortforklarereason out resonnere seg frem til, tenke utreason somebody into doing something overtale noen til (å gjøre) noereason somebody out of (doing) something overtale noen til å la være (å gjøre) noereason things out bruke fornuften på (å løse) noereason with snakke (fornuft) med -
12 Bakewell, Robert
SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology[br]b. 23 May 1725 Loughborough, Englandd. 1 October 1795 Loughborough, England[br]English livestock breeder who pioneered the practice of progeny testing for selecting breeding stock; he is particularly associated with the development of the Improved Leicester breed of sheep.[br]Robert Bakewell was the son of the tenant farming the 500-acre (200 hectare) Dishley Grange Farm, near Loughborough, where he was born. The family was sufficiently wealthy to allow Robert to travel, which he began to do at an early age, exploring the farming methods of the West Country, Norfolk, Ireland and Holland. On taking over the farm he continued the development of the irrigation scheme begun by his father. Arthur Young visited the farm during his tour of east England in 1771. At that time it consisted of 440 acres (178 hectares), 110 acres (45 hectares) of which were arable, and carried a stock of 60 horses, 400 sheep and 150 other assorted beasts. Of the arable land, 30 acres (12 hectares) were under root crops, mainly turnips.Bakewell was not the first to pioneer selective breeding, but he was the first successfully to apply selection to both the efficiency with which an animal utilized its food, and its physical appearance. He always had a clear idea of the animal he wanted, travelled extensively to collect a range of animals possessing the characteristics he sought, and then bred from these towards his goal. He was aware of the dangers of inbreeding, but would often use it to gain the qualities he wanted. His early experiments were with Longhorn cattle, which he developed as a meat rather than a draught animal, but his most famous achievement was the development of the Improved Leicester breed of sheep. He set out to produce an animal that would put on the most meat in the least time and with the least feeding. As his base he chose the Old Leicester, but there is still doubt as to which other breeds he may have introduced to produce the desired results. The Improved Leicester was smaller than its ancestor, with poorer wool quality but with greatly improved meat-production capacity.Bakewell let out his sires to other farms and was therefore able to study their development under differing conditions. However, he made stringent rules for those who hired these animals, requiring the exclusive use of his rams on the farms concerned and requiring particular dietary conditions to be met. To achieve this control he established the Dishley Society in 1783. Although his policies led to accusations of closed access to his stock, they enabled him to keep a close control of all offspring. He thereby pioneered the process now recognized as "progeny testing".Bakewell's fame and that of his farm spread throughout the country and overseas. He engaged in an extensive correspondence and acted as host to all of influence in British and overseas agriculture, but it would appear that he was an over-generous host, since he is known to have been in financial difficulties in about 1789. He was saved from bankruptcy by a public subscription raised to allow him to continue with his breeding experiments; this experience may well have been the reason why he was such a staunch advocate of State funding of agricultural research.[br]Further ReadingWilliam Houseman, 1894, biography, Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society. 1–31. H.C.Parsons, 1957, Robert Bakewell (contains a more detailed account).R.Trow Smith, 1957, A History of British Livestock Husbandry to 1700, London: Routledge \& Kegan Paul.—A History of British Livestock Husbandry 1700 to 1900 (places Bakewell within the context of overall developments).M.L.Ryder, 1983, Sheep and Man, Duckworth (a scientifically detailed account which deals with Bakewell within the context of its particular subject).AP -
13 see
1. I1) he can't see, he is blind он не видит, он слепей; can the puppy see? щенок [уже] видит /не слепой/?2) I cannot see мне не видно; there is nothing to see тут нечего смотреть: as far as the eye can see насколько видит глаз; see, here he comes смотрите, вот он идет; it took place in the street, where all could see это произошло на улице на глазах у всех; wait and see подождем, = поживем see увидим3) now, do you see? теперь вам ясно?; don't you see? неужели вы не понимаете?; see? понятно, ясно?; it was not easy, you see, to leave видите ли /вы понимаете, что/, уехать было не так просто4) let me see, have I posted the letter? дай мне подумать, отправил ли я письмо?; let me see, it should be on the first page постой, постой, это должно быть на первой странице; will you come to dinner tomorrow? see I'll see вы придете обедать завтра? see [Я] подумаю /посмотрю/, видно будет2. II1) see in some manner see well (poorly, far, etc.) хорошо и т.д. видеть; have you seen enough? вы уже насмотрелись?; see somewhere you can't see here, it is dark здесь темно и ничего не видно; see overleaf смотри(те) на обороте; see far смотреть вперед, предвидеть; I can't see as far as that так далеко вперед я не могу загадывать /предвидеть/; as far as one can see, he has a brilliant career before him насколько можно судить, у него блестящее будущее /его ждет блестящая карьера2) see at some time I see now теперь мне ясно3. III1) see smth., smb. see a letter (a tree, something green, the outline of a building, a stranger, etc.) (увидеть письмо и т.д.; let me see that paper дайте мне взглянуть на /посмотреть/ эту газету; I looked but saw nothing я посмотрел, но ничего не увидел; animals appear to see things invisible to human sight звери, вероятно, видят то, что остается недоступным человеческому глазу; what can /do/ you see? что вы видите?; see page 5 (pattern 4, figure 2, etc.) смотри(те) страницу пятую и т.д.; see ghosts (visions, spirits, bogies, etc.) видеть привидения и т.д.2) see smb. see a friend (one's parents, etc.) повидаться с другом и т.д.; I'll be seeing you coll. [мы еще с вами] увидимся, до скорого свидания; see a doctor (a lawyer, etc.) пойти к врачу и т.д., (по)советоваться / (про)консультироваться/ с врачом и т.д.; see an official обратиться к официальному лицу; can I see the inspector? могу я поговорить /повидаться/ с инспектором?; ask to see the manager попросите вызвать администратора; he sees nobody он никого не принимает: come to /and/ see smb. прийти повидать /навестить/ кого-л.3) see smth., smb. see a town (a country, a district, the sights, Rome, the world's Fair, Oxford, etc.) осматривать город и т.д.; have you ever seen France? бывали ли вы когда-либо во Франции?; [go to]a show (a play, an actress, etc.) [сходить] (подсмотреть спектакль и т.д.; did you see the exhibition? ты был, на выставке?; 1 went to see the exhibition я пошел посмотреть выставку4) see smth., smb. have in a man to see the drains вызовите мастера, чтобы он проверил /осмотрел/ канализацию; see a patient принять /осмотреть, посетить/ больного5) see smth. see life /something of life/ (a good deal of the world, etc.) повидать жизнь и т.д.; he has seen hardships он изведал трудности; this old man has seen better days старик видел лучшие времена; my саг (these boots, this coat, etc.) has seen long /plenty of/ service моя машина и т.д. хорошо [мне] послужила; this coat has seen hard wear это пальто поизносилось /пообтрепалось/; that year (the XIXth century, this period, the Elizabeth's reign, etc.) has seen many changes в этом году и т.д. произошло много перемен, этот год и т.д. явился свидетелем многих перемен; I never saw such rudeness (such doings, etc.) я никогда не сталкивался с такой грубостью и т.д.; I never saw such beauty мне никогда не доводилось встречаться с такой красотой; he will never see 40 again ему уже за сорок; he didn't live to see his son's marriage он не дожил до /не увидел/ женитьбы сына6) see smth. see a joke (the purpose, the reason, the point of the argument, the advantage of his presence, the cause of our misfortune, etc.) понимать шутку и т.д.; I was beginning to see light я стал кое-что понимать, кое-что начало проясняться; I do not see the point я не вижу /не понимаю/, в чем здесь смысл; до меня не доходит суть /соль/; this is how I see it вот, как я это понимаю /представляю себе/; as I see it по-моему, по моему мнению; see things /a lot, much/ понимать /видеть/ многое; she sees everything мимо нее ничего не проходит, от нее ничего не ускользает; she sees nothing она ничего не замечает4. IV1) see smb., smth. in some manner see smb., smth. distinctly (clearly, faintly, vaguely, dimly, etc.) отчетливо и т.д. видеть кого-л., что-л. || see war at close quarters непосредственно участвовать в войне2) see smb. in some manner see smb. willingly (joyfully, reluctantly, etc.) охотно и т.д. видаться с кем-л.; see the man professionaly обратиться к нему как к специалисту; see smb. at some time see smb. later (again, lately, often, tomorrow, this afternoon, etc.) встретиться с кем-л. позже и т.д.; I must see you once more я обязательно должен еще раз повидаться с вами; see you soon! coll. до скорой встречи, пока; the ambassador finally saw him посол наконец принял его; she is too ill to see anyone at present она очень больна, и ей нельзя сейчас ни с кем видеться3) see smth. at some time we saw "Hamlet" last night мы были на "Гамлете" вчера4) see smb. at some time he seems ill, the doctor ought to see him at once он, по-видимому, болен, его надо немедленно показать врачу5) see smb. somewhere see smb. home see as far as the station, aboard, etc.) провожать кого-л. домой и т.д.; see smb. in проводить кого-л. в комнату (в дом и т.п.); see smb. out провожать кого-л. до выхода /к дверям/6) see smth. in some manner see things differently представлять себе /смотреть на/ вещи иначе; I don't see the matter that way я смотрю на это иначе5. VI1) see smb. as being in some state see smb. angry (happy, etc.) видеть кого-л. сердитым и т.д.2) see smb. under some conditions see smb. alone повидать кого-л. наедине3) see smth. as possessing some quanta see it necessary (fit, proper, etc.) to do smth. считать /находить/ необходимым и т.д. сделать что-л.; see things wrong иметь обо всем превратное мнение; see everything black видеть все в черном свете6. VII1) see smb., smth. do smth. see the boy take the apples (the object move, them leave their home, him come, the dog run, etc.) видеть, как мальчик взял яблоки и т.д.; you cannot see your sister starve without trying to help her вы ведь не можете видеть, как ваша сестра голодает, и не попытаться ей помочь; see smth. to be smth. I saw it to be a forgery я увидел, что это подделка2) || see one's way to do smth. понимать, как надо действовать; I don't see my way to get you an invitation я не вижу /не знаю/, как раздобыть /достать/ для вас приглашение; as soon as I see my way to do it... как только я соображу /пойму/, как это сделать...7. VIIIsee smb., smth. doing smth. see him falling (her coming, the boy running, the child slipping, him taking the apples, etc.) видеть, как он падает и т.д.; we can see the forest stretching out мы видим простирающийся вдаль лес; 1 can't see myself doing such a thing see myself agreeing to this proposal, myself submitting to this decision, him allowing people to cheat him, etc.) не могу себе представить, чтобы я так поступил и т.д.8. IXsee smb., smth. done see the child kissed (him taken away, the house rebuilt, the city destroyed, etc.) видеть, как целуют ребенка и т.д.; I'd sacrifice everything rather than see you disgraced я готов пожертвовать всем, чтобы не видеть вашего позора; I want to see justice done я хочу [добиться того], чтобы восторжествовала справедливость9. XI1) be seen come where we cannot be seen пойдем куда-нибудь, где нас не увидят; see and not be seen смотреть /наблюдать/, но самому оставаться незамеченным; children should be seen but not heard детей в доме не должно быть слышно, даже когда они на глазах; he is not fit to be seen у него такой вид, что ему нельзя на люди показываться; there was not a house to be seen не было видно ни единого дома; that remains to be seen надо еще посмотреть /подумать/; be seen with smb. I would not саге to be seen with him мне бы не хотелось, чтобы меня видели с ним; be seen in some manner be dimly (clearly, etc.) seen быть плохо и т.д. видимым; the monument is vaguely seen in the distance издалека памятник едва видно; these tricks are easily seen все эти уловки насквозь видны; be seen from smth. be seen from a short distance (from afar, from a hill, etc.) быть видимым с небольшого расстояния и т.д.; be seen through smth. very little could be seen through the keyhole в замочную скважину мало что было видно; be seen with smth. the writing on the stamp can be seen with naked eyes буквы на марке можно рассмотреть /разглядеть/ невооруженным глазом; be seen by smb. it had never been seen by European eyes этого не видел ни один европеец; be seen somewhere the baggage was last seen at the station в последний раз багаж видели на станции; be seen to do smth. he was seen to fall (to come, to walk, etc.) видели, как он упал и т.д.; be seen doing smth. he was seen falling (coming, etc.) его видели падающим и т.д., видели, как он падал и т.д.; be seen like smth. the airship was seen like a speck in the sky самолет казался маленькой точкой в небе2) be seen of smb. has anything been seen of him in the last two weeks? его кто-нибудь видел /встречал/ за последние две недели?; be seen in some place he is much seen in society он много бывает /его часто видят/ в обществе3) be seen that... from this (from this fact, from the abovesaid, etc.) it will be /can be/ [easily] seen that... из этого и т.д. [с очевидностью] следует, что...; it can be seen at a glance, that... ясно с первого взгляда, что...; it will thus be seen that... таким образом, станет ясно, что...10. XIIIsee to do smth. can you see to read in this light вы можете читать /вы разбираете буквы/ при таком освещении?11. XV1) see in some manner owls see best at night совы лучше всего видят ночью; one may see double when drunk у пьяного в глазах двоится2) see fit to do smth. you may go if you see fit to do so вы можете идти, если считаете это удобным12. XVI1) see with smth. see with one eye видеть одним глазом; see till some time a puppy cannot see till the ninth day щенки слепы первые девять дней; see in smth. see in the dark (in this light, in the rays of the sun, etc.) видеть в темноте и т.д. id he is not able to see beyond the end of his nose он не видит дальше своего носа2) see about /to /smth. see about the luggage (about the matter, to the fire, to all the locks and doors, to all the arrangements, to the business, etc.) позаботиться о багаже и т.д., последить за багажом и т.д.; leave it to me, I'll see to it оставьте /поручите/ это мне, я прослежу за этим; this machine is out of order, will you see to it? машина не в порядке, посмотрите, в чем там дело; see after smth. see after one's own interests соблюдать свой интерес3) see through smb., smth. see through him (through his motives, through smb.'s tricks, through her little game, through his politeness, through her fine ways, through smb.'s disguise, etc.) видеть его и т.д. насквозь; we could see through his plan мы понимали, что кроется за его планом13. XVIIsee about doing smth. see about getting the license plates (about sending the report in time, about packing, about ordering a car, etc.) (по)заботиться о том, чтобы получить номера для машины и т.д., проследить за получением номеров для машины и т.д.14. XVIIIsee oneself 'in smb. see oneself in one's children видеть себя в детях || see [for] oneself убедиться самому, увидеть собственными глазами15. XXI11) see smth., smb. in /at /smth. see an interesting story in a book (a letter in a box, a girl in a room, smb. at a distance, etc.) (у)видеть интересный рассказ в книге и т.д.; see smb., smth. in fat) smth. see smb., smth. in dreams видеть кого-л., что-л. во сне; I can't quite see her (myself, etc.) at a ball я не могу представить себе ее и т.д. на балу; see smth., smb. through smth. see smth., smb. through a crack in the wall (through the trees, etc.) (у)видеть что-л., кого-л. через щель в стене и т.д.; I could see very little through the keyhole мне было плохо видно /я мало что видел/ в замочную скважину; see smth., smb. with smth. see smth., smb. with one's own eyes видеть что-л., кого-л. собственными глазами; see smth. before smth. I'd like to see the house before I decide to take it я бы хотел осмотреть дом, прежде чем решиться на покупку || see the last of smb., smth. распрощаться с кем-л., чем-л.; when shall I see the last of her! когда я наконец избавлюсь от неё!; I hope I have seen the last of this book надеюсь, я все-таки отделался от этой книги2) see smth. in smb., smth. see charming traits in people (the fault in him, many problems in it, many things in the ordinary, a great danger in that sort of thing, etc.) находить /видеть/ в людях привлекательные черты и т.д.; to refuse to see any good in him отказаться видеть в нем что-л. хорошее; I don't know what you can see in her не знаю, что вы в ней находите3) see smth. of smb. see much of each other (little of the Browns, a great deal of him, etc.) часто /много/ встречаться [друг с другом] и т.д.; I don't see anything of my neighbours я совсем не вижу своих соседей, я совсем не встречаюсь со своими соседями; see less of smb. in winter реже видеться с кем-л. зимой; she's seeing too much of him она слишком часто встречается с ним; see smb. at (for) some time see you on Sunday до встречи в воскресенье; I haven't seen you for ages я вас не видел целую вечность; can I see you for a moment? можно вас на минуту?; see smb. about (on) smth. see a man about the book (an inspector about the case, one's lawyer about the matter, a doctor about your condition, a doctor about her injury, etc.) повидать одного человека по поводу книги и т.д.; see smb. on business повидаться с кем-л. по делу4) see smth. in some time see a lot in his life /a great deal in his time/ изведать жизнь, повидать немало в жизни5) see smb. to some place see you to the door (him to the gate, a friend to the station, etc.) проводить вас до двери и т.д.; see the children to bed уложить детей спать; see smb. into (on, off, etc.) smth. see smb. into a train (on board a ship) посадить кого-л. в поезд (на пароход); see smb. off the premises выпроводить кого-л.6) see smb. through smth. see us through the customs (his brother through college, me through the difficulty, her through her trouble) помочь нам пройти таможенный досмотр и т.д.7) || see smth., smb. in some light видеть что-л., кого-л. в каком-л. свете; see smth. in the same light сходиться.во мнении относительно чего-л.; see smth. in a different light видеть что-л. в ином свете; 1 don't see it in that light у меня по этому вопросу другое мнение16. XXIIsee smth. of doing smth. see the use of going there (the good of helping her, the advantage of keeping your mouth shut, the fun of dancing, etc.) видеть смысл в том, чтобы пойти туда и т.д.; I don't see the good of getting angry не вижу никакого смысла злиться || see one's way to doing smth. придумать /найти/, как что-л. сделать17. XXIV1see smb. as smb. I can't see him as president (as a teacher, as a husband, etc.) я не могу себе представить его в роли президента и т.д.18. XXIV4see smth. as... see the problem as it is видеть проблему реально19. XXV1) see that... see that the man was old (that he was blind, that it is time to go, that the box is empty, etc.) видеть, что это старый человек /старик/ и т.д.; see whether..., (if..., how..., what..., etc.) see whether the book is there (if the postman has come, if this hat suits you, who it is, what you've done, what has happened, what courage can do, how far we have gone, etc.) посмотреть, там ли книга и т.д.; see who's at the door посмотри, кто пришел; can you see where the mistake is? вы можете найти ошибку?; we are anxious to see what there is to be seen of the country мы хотим повидать все достопримечательности страны2) see that smth. is done see that the work is done (that the letter is mailed sometime today, that nothing goes wrong, that nothing has been neglected, that he comes to no harm, that he comes in time, that everything is in order, etc.) проследить, чтобы работа была сделана и т.д.; see that you lock the back door смотри, запри /не забудь запереть/ черный ход; see you don't miss the train смотри, не опоздай на поезд3) see what... (that..., why..., etc.) see what I mean (what it is to have courage, that I am not wanted, that you have changed your mind, why you did that, why he doesn't come, how or why it is done, etc.) понимать, что я хочу сказать и т.д.; we saw that it was useless to insist мы поняли, что бесполезно настаивать; can't you see that I'm tired? разве вы не видите /не понимаете/, что я устал?; I see how it is мне понятно, как обстоят дела4) see what... (when..., etc.) let me see what I can do (what ought to do now, when we can come, etc.) дайте подумать /сообразить/, что я могу сделать и т.д.20. XXVII1see through what... I am beginning to see through what he has in mind я начинаю понимать, что у него на уме21. XXVII21) see from smth. that... I see from my diary that I am expected today (from the papers that he is dead, etc.) по моим записям я вижу, что меня ждут сегодня и т.д.2) see to it that... see to it that the light is switched off проследи, чтобы свет был выключен -
14 put
put [pʊt]mettre ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (c)-(f), 1 (i) dire ⇒ 1 (g) soumettre ⇒ 1 (h) placer ⇒ 1 (i), 1 (l) investir ⇒ 1 (k), 1 (l) miser ⇒ 1 (m)∎ put the saucepan on the shelf mets la casserole sur l'étagère;∎ she put her hand on my shoulder elle a mis sa main sur mon épaule;∎ put the chairs nearer the table approche les chaises de la table;∎ he put his arm around my shoulders il passa son bras autour de mes épaules;∎ she put her arms around him elle l'a pris dans ses bras;∎ to put one's head round the door/through the window passer la tête par la porte/par la fenêtre;∎ did you put any salt in? as-tu mis du sel (dedans)?;∎ put some more water on to boil remettez de l'eau à chauffer;∎ he put another brick on the pile il a mis une autre brique sur la pile;∎ to put a coin/a letter/a gun into sb's hand glisser ou mettre une pièce/une lettre/un revolver dans la main de qn;∎ she put a match to the wood elle a allumé le bois;∎ to put an advert in the paper mettre une annonce dans le journal;∎ they want to put me in an old folks' home ils veulent me mettre dans une maison pour les vieux;∎ to put a child to bed mettre un enfant au lit, coucher un enfant;∎ to put a man on the moon envoyer un homme sur la lune;∎ he put the telescope to his eye il a porté la longue-vue à son œil;∎ to put honour before riches préférer l'honneur à l'argent;∎ to put a play on the stage monter une pièce;∎ to put a guard on the door faire surveiller la porte;∎ figurative I didn't know where to put myself! je ne savais plus où me mettre!;∎ put yourself in my position or place mettez-vous à ma place;∎ to put oneself into sb's hands s'en remettre à qn;∎ put it out of your mind or head sors-le-toi de la tête;∎ I had long put this thought out of my mind ça faisait longtemps que je m'étais sorti cette idée de la tête;∎ we put a lot of emphasis on creativity nous mettons beaucoup l'accent sur la créativité;∎ don't put too much trust in what he says ne te fie pas trop à ce qu'il dit;∎ familiar put it there! (shake hands) tope-là!, serrons-nous la pince!∎ he put his fist through the window il a passé son poing à travers le carreau;∎ he put a bullet through his head il s'est mis une balle dans la tête;∎ she put her pen through the whole paragraph elle a rayé tout le paragraphe d'un coup de stylo(c) (impose → limit, responsibility, tax) mettre;∎ to put a ban on sth interdire qch;∎ it puts an extra burden on our department c'est un fardeau de plus pour notre service;∎ the new tax will put 5p on a packet of cigarettes la nouvelle taxe augmentera de 5 pence le prix d'un paquet de cigarettes(d) (into specified state) mettre;∎ you're putting me in an awkward position vous me mettez dans une situation délicate;∎ I hope I've not put you to too much trouble j'espère que je ne vous ai pas trop dérangé;∎ music always puts him in a good mood la musique le met toujours de bonne humeur;∎ the new rules will be put into effect next month le nouveau règlement entrera en vigueur le mois prochain;∎ to put sb out of a job mettre qn au chômage;∎ to put a prisoner on bread and water mettre un prisonnier au pain sec et à l'eau;∎ the money will be put to good use l'argent sera bien employé;∎ to put sb to sleep endormir qn;∎ euphemism the dog had to be put to sleep il a fallu piquer le chien(e) (write down) mettre, écrire;∎ I forgot to put my address j'ai oublié de mettre mon adresse;∎ what date shall I put? quelle date est-ce que je mets?∎ to put an end or a stop to sth mettre fin ou un terme à qch(g) (say, express) dire, exprimer;∎ I wouldn't put it quite like that je ne dirais pas cela;∎ I don't know how to put it je ne sais comment dire;∎ to put one's thoughts into words exprimer sa pensée, s'exprimer;∎ let me put it this way laissez-moi l'exprimer ainsi;∎ it was, how shall I put it, rather long c'était, comment dirais-je, un peu long;∎ to put it another way,… en d'autres termes,…;∎ he put it better than that il l'a dit ou formulé mieux que ça;∎ you could have put that better tu aurais pu tourner cela un peu mieux;∎ she put it politely but firmly elle l'a dit poliment mais clairement;∎ as Churchill once put it comme l'a dit Churchill un jour;∎ to put it briefly or simply, they refused bref ou en un mot, ils ont refusé;∎ to put it bluntly pour parler franc;∎ putting it in terms you'll understand… plus simplement, pour que vous compreniez…∎ to put a proposal to the board présenter une proposition au conseil d'administration;∎ he put his case very well il a très bien présenté son cas;∎ I have a question to put to the Prime Minister j'ai une question à soumettre au Premier ministre;∎ Law I put it to you that… n'est-il pas vrai que…?;∎ I put it to the delegates that now is the time to act je tiens à dire aux délégués que c'est maintenant qu'il faut agir(i) (class, rank) placer, mettre;∎ I wouldn't put them in the same class as the Beatles je ne les mettrais ou placerais pas dans la même catégorie que les Beatles;∎ I put my family above my job je fais passer ma famille avant mon travail∎ to put sb to work mettre qn au travail;∎ they put her on the Jones case ils l'ont mise sur l'affaire Jones(k) (devote → effort) investir, consacrer;∎ to put a lot of time/energy into sth consacrer beaucoup de temps/d'énergie à qch, investir beaucoup de temps/d'énergie dans qch;∎ she puts more into their relationship than he does elle s'investit plus que lui dans leur relation;∎ to put a lot of work into sth/doing sth beaucoup travailler à qch/pour faire qch;∎ Sport he put everything he had into his first service il a tout mis dans son premier service(l) (invest → money) placer, investir;∎ she had put all her savings into property elle avait investi ou placé toutes ses économies dans l'immobilier∎ to put money on a horse miser ou parier sur un cheval;∎ he put all his winnings on the red il misa tous ses gains sur le rouge∎ to put the shot lancer le poids∎ to put a ship into port rentrer un bateau au port∎ Nautical to put to sea lever l'ancre, appareiller;∎ they had to put back into harbour ils ont dû rentrer au port;∎ we put into port at Bombay nous avons relâché ou fait relâche à Bombay3 noun∎ his third put son troisième lancer(b) Stock Exchange option f de vente, put m;∎ put and call stellage m, double option f►► Stock Exchange put band période f de validité d'une option de vente;Stock Exchange put bond emprunt m à fenêtre;Stock Exchange put option option f de vente;Stock Exchange put warrant warrant m à la vente∎ to put it about that… faire circuler le bruit que…;∎ it is being put about that he intends resigning le bruit court qu'il a l'intention de démissionner∎ to put a boat about virer de bord∎ to put it or oneself about (be promiscuous) coucher à droite à gaucheNautical virer de bord∎ to put sth across to sb faire comprendre qch à qn;∎ I don't know how to put the argument across to them je ne sais pas comment leur faire comprendre cet argument;∎ she knows how to put her ideas across elle sait bien faire passer ses idées;∎ she's good at putting herself across elle sait se mettre en valeur∎ to put one across on sb avoir qn, rouler qn;∎ don't try putting anything across on me! ne me prends pas pour un imbécile!(a) (book, piece of work) mettre de côté, poser(b) (disregard, ignore) écarter, laisser de côté;∎ let's put aside our differences of opinion for the moment laissons nos différends de côté pour le moment;∎ put aside all gloomy thoughts oublie toutes ces pensées maussades(c) (save, keep) mettre de côté;∎ we have a little money put aside nous avons un peu d'argent de côté(estimate) estimer;∎ they put the cost of repairs to the bridge at around $10,000 ils estiment le montant des réparations du pont à environ 10 000 dollars;∎ I wouldn't have put her (age) at more than twenty-five je ne lui aurais pas donné plus de vingt-cinq ans;∎ what would you put it at? quelle est votre estimation?∎ put your toys away! range tes jouets!;∎ put your money/wallet away (I'm paying) range ton argent/ton portefeuille∎ I have a few pounds put away j'ai un peu d'argent de côté, j'ai quelques économies;∎ to put something away for one's old age mettre quelque chose de côté pour sa retraite➲ put back(a) (replace, return) remettre;∎ put that record back where you found it! remets ce disque où tu l'as trouvé!(b) (postpone) remettre;∎ the meeting has been put back to Thursday la réunion a été repoussée ou remise à jeudi(c) (slow down, delay) retarder;∎ the strike has put our schedule back at least a month la grève nous a fait perdre au moins un mois sur notre planning(d) (turn back → clock) retarder;∎ we put the clocks back next weekend le week-end prochain, on passe à l'heure d'hiver;∎ figurative this decision has put the clock back cette décision nous a ramenés en arrière∎ Nautical to put back (to port) rentrer au port(save → money) mettre de côté; (→ supplies) mettre en réserve;∎ have you got anything put by? avez-vous un peu d'argent de côté?➲ put down(a) (on table, floor etc) poser;∎ put that knife down at once! pose ce couteau tout de suite!;∎ put me down! lâche-moi!;∎ put that down! laisse (ça)!;∎ to put the phone down raccrocher;∎ he put the phone down on me il m'a raccroché au nez;∎ it's one of those books you just can't put down c'est un de ces livres que tu ne peux pas poser avant de l'avoir fini;∎ I couldn't put it down (book) je l'ai lu d'un trait(b) (drop off → passenger) déposer, laisser∎ put down your name and address écrivez votre nom et votre adresse;∎ she put us down as Mr and Mrs Smith elle nous a inscrits sous le nom de M. et Mme Smith;∎ it's never been put down in writing ça n'a jamais été mis par écrit;∎ I can put it down as expenses je peux le faire passer dans mes notes de frais(d) (on agenda) inscrire à l'ordre du jour;∎ to put down a motion of no confidence déposer une motion de censure∎ the revolt was put down by armed police la révolte a été réprimée par les forces de police(f) (belittle) rabaisser, critiquer;∎ he's always putting students down il passe son temps à critiquer les étudiants;∎ you shouldn't put yourself down tu ne devrais pas te sous-estimer∎ to have a cat/dog put down faire piquer un chat/chien(h) (pay as deposit) verser;∎ I've already put £50 down on the sofa j'ai déjà versé 50 livres pour le canapé(i) (store → wine) mettre en cave(j) (put to bed → baby) coucher(k) (land → plane) poser(l) (close → umbrella) fermer(land → plane, pilot) atterrir, se poserclasser parmi;∎ I think they'd put me down as a mere amateur je crois qu'ils me classeraient parmi les simples amateursinscrire pour;∎ put me down for £20 inscrivez-moi pour 20 livres;∎ I'll put you down for Thursday at three o'clock je vous mets jeudi à trois heures;∎ they've already put their son down for public school ils ont déjà inscrit leur fils dans une école privéemettre sur le compte de;∎ you can't put all the country's problems down to inflation vous ne pouvez pas mettre tous les problèmes du pays sur le compte de l'inflation;∎ I put it down to her stubbornness je mets ça sur le compte de son entêtement;∎ we'll have to put it down to experience au moins on a appris quelque chose∎ she put her name forward for the post of treasurer elle a posé sa candidature au poste de trésorière;∎ to put one's best foot forward (walk faster) presser le pas; figurative se mettre en devoir de faire de son mieux(b) (turn forward → clock, hands of clock) avancer;∎ we put the clocks forward next weekend le week-end prochain, on passe à l'heure d'été(c) (bring forward) avancer;∎ the meeting has been put forward to early next week la réunion a été avancée au début de la semaine prochaine➲ put in(a) (place inside bag, container, cupboard etc) mettre dans;∎ he put the eggs in the fridge il a mis les œufs dans le réfrigérateur;∎ to put one's contact lenses in mettre ses lentilles de contact;∎ to put one's head in at the window passer la tête par la fenêtre;(b) (insert, include) insérer, inclure;∎ have you put in the episode about the rabbit? as-tu inclus l'épisode du lapin?(c) (interject) placer;∎ her name was Alicia, the woman put in elle s'appelait Alicia, ajouta la femme∎ we're having central heating put in nous faisons installer le chauffage central;∎ the voters put the Tories in les électeurs ont mis les conservateurs au pouvoir;∎ they've put in a new manager at the factory ils ont nommé un nouveau directeur à l'usine(e) (devote → time) passer;∎ I've put in a lot of work on that car j'ai beaucoup travaillé sur cette voiture;∎ I put in a few hours' revision before supper j'ai passé quelques heures à réviser avant le dîner;∎ to put in an hour's work faire une heure de travail;∎ to put in a full day at the office passer toute la journée au bureau;∎ you only get out what you put in on ne récolte que ce qu'on sème(f) (submit → request, demand) déposer, soumettre;∎ they put in a claim for a 10 percent pay rise ils ont déposé une demande d'augmentation de salaire de 10 pour cent;∎ to put in an application for a job déposer sa candidature pour ou se présenter pour un emploiNautical relâcher, faire relâche;∎ we put in at Wellington nous avons relâché ou fait relâche à Wellingtonprésenter;∎ we're putting him in for the 500 metres nous le présentons pour le 500 mètres;∎ to put pupils in for an examination présenter des élèves à un examen∎ to put in for sth (post) poser sa candidature pour qch; (leave, promotion) faire une demande de qch, demander qch;∎ she put in for a transfer to Florida elle a demandé à être mutée en Floride➲ put off(a) (drop off → passenger) déposer, laisser;∎ just put me off at the corner vous n'avez qu'à me laisser ou me déposer au coin(b) (postpone → meeting, appointment) remettre à plus tard, repousser; (→ decision, payment) remettre à plus tard, différer; (→ work) remettre à plus tard; (→ guests) décommander;∎ the meeting has been put off until tomorrow la réunion a été renvoyée ou remise à demain;∎ I kept putting off telling him the truth je continuais à repousser le moment de lui dire la vérité;∎ I can't put him off again je ne peux pas encore annuler un rendez-vous avec lui∎ once he's made up his mind nothing in the world can put him off une fois qu'il a pris une décision, rien au monde ne peut le faire changer d'avis(d) (distract) déranger, empêcher de se concentrer;∎ he deliberately tries to put his opponent off il fait tout pour empêcher son adversaire de se concentrer;∎ the noise put her off her service le bruit l'a gênée ou dérangée pendant son service∎ it's the smell that puts me off c'est l'odeur qui me rebute;∎ don't be put off by his odd sense of humour ne te laisse pas rebuter par son humour un peu particulier;∎ it put me off skiing for good ça m'a définitivement dégoûté du ski;∎ it put me off my dinner ça m'a coupé l'appétit(f) (switch off → television, radio etc) éteindreNautical déborder du quai, pousser au large;∎ to put off from the shore quitter la côte, prendre le large(a) (clothes, make-up, ointment) mettre;∎ put your hat on mets ton chapeau;∎ to put on one's make-up se maquiller∎ why can't they put something decent on for a change? (on TV, radio) ils ne pourraient pas passer quelque chose d'intéressant pour une fois?(c) (lay on, provide → train) mettre en service;∎ they put on excellent meals on Sundays ils servent d'excellents repas le dimanche;∎ they have put on twenty extra trains ils ont ajouté vingt trains(d) (gain → speed, weight) prendre;∎ I've put on a few pounds j'ai pris quelques kilos(e) (turn on, cause to function → light, radio, gas) allumer; (→ record, tape) mettre; (→ handbrake) mettre, serrer;∎ put the heater on mets ou allume le chauffage;∎ he put on some Vivaldi/the news il a mis du Vivaldi/les informations;∎ I've put the kettle on for tea j'ai mis de l'eau à chauffer pour le thé;∎ to put on the brakes freiner(f) (start cooking) mettre (à cuire);∎ I forgot to put the peas on j'ai oublié de mettre les petits pois à cuire∎ I put £10 on the favourite j'ai parié 10 livres sur le favori∎ to put on airs prendre des airs;∎ he put on a silly voice il a pris une voix ridicule;∎ to put on an act jouer la comédie;∎ familiar don't worry, he's just putting it on ne t'inquiète pas, il fait du cinéma ou du chiqué∎ you're putting me on! là, tu me fais marcher!(j) (apply → pressure) exercer∎ the tax increase will put another 10p on a gallon of petrol l'augmentation de la taxe va faire monter le prix du gallon d'essence de 10 pence∎ new restrictions have been put on bringing animals into the country de nouvelles restrictions ont été imposées à l'importation d'animaux dans le pays∎ it's hard to put a price on it c'est difficile d'en évaluer ou estimer le prix(n) (advance → clock) avancer∎ could you put him on, please? pouvez-vous me le passer, s'il vous plaît?(help find) indiquer à;∎ I'll put you onto a good solicitor je vous donnerai le nom d'un ou je vous indiquerai un bon avocat;∎ she's put me onto quite a few bargains elle m'a indiqué plusieurs bonnes affaires;∎ to put the police/taxman onto sb dénoncer qn à la police/au fisc;∎ what put you onto the butler, detective inspector? qu'est-ce qui vous a amené à soupçonner le maître d'hôtel, commissaire?➲ put out(a) (place outside) mettre dehors, sortir;∎ have you put the dustbin out? as-tu sorti la poubelle?;∎ I'll put the washing out (to dry) je vais mettre le linge (dehors) à sécher;∎ to put a cow out to grass mettre une vache en pâture∎ to put sb's eye out éborgner qn;∎ you almost put my eye out! tu as failli m'éborgner!(c) (issue → apology, announcement) publier; (→ story, rumour) faire circuler; (→ new record, edition, model etc) sortir; (→ appeal, request) faire; (broadcast) émettre;∎ police have put out a description of the wanted man la police a publié une description de l'homme qu'elle recherche;∎ to put out an SOS lancer un SOS∎ don't forget to put the light out when you leave n'oubliez pas d'éteindre (la lumière) en partant(e) (lay out, arrange) sortir;∎ the valet had put out a suit for me le valet de chambre m'avait sorti un costume∎ she walked up to me and put out her hand elle s'approcha de moi et me tendit la main;∎ she put out a foot to trip him up elle a mis un pied en avant pour le faire trébucher∎ to put one's back/shoulder out se démettre le dos/l'épaule;∎ I've put my back out je me suis déplacé une vertèbre(h) (annoy, upset)∎ to be put out about sth être fâché à cause de qch;∎ he seems quite put out about it on dirait que ça l'a vraiment contrarié(i) (inconvenience) déranger;∎ I hope I haven't put you out j'espère que je ne vous ai pas dérangé;∎ she's always ready to put herself out for other people elle est toujours prête à rendre service(j) (sprout → shoots, leaves) produire(k) (make unconscious → with drug, injection) endormir(l) (subcontract) sous-traiter;∎ we put most of our work out nous confions la plus grande partie de notre travail à des sous-traitants∎ to put out to sea faire appareiller∎ everyone knows she puts out tout le monde sait qu'elle est prête à coucher;∎ did she put out? est-ce qu'elle a bien voulu coucher?;∎ she'd put out for anybody elle coucherait avec le premier venu➲ put over = put across(spread → gossip, story) faire courir∎ hold on, I'll try to put you through ne quittez pas, je vais essayer de vous le/la passer;∎ put the call through to my office passez-moi la communication dans mon bureau;∎ I'll put you through to Mrs Powell je vous passe Mme Powell(b) (carry through, conclude) conclure;∎ we finally put through the necessary reforms nous avons fini par faire passer les réformes nécessaires(c) (subject to) soumettre à;∎ he was put through a whole battery of tests on l'a soumis à toute une série d'examens;∎ I'm sorry to put you through this je suis désolé de vous imposer ça;∎ have you any idea what you're putting him through? as-tu la moindre idée de ce que tu lui fais subir?;∎ familiar to put sb through it en faire voir de toutes les couleurs à qn; (at interview) faire passer un mauvais quart d'heure à qn;∎ he really put me through it il m'en a vraiment fait voir (de toutes les couleurs)∎ he put himself through college il a payé ses études∎ he's more trouble than the rest of them put together il nous crée plus de problèmes à lui seul que tous les autres réunis(b) (kit, furniture, engine) monter, assembler; (meal) préparer, confectionner; (menu) élaborer; (dossier) réunir; (proposal, report) préparer; (story, facts) reconstituer; (show, campaign) organiser, monter;∎ to put sth (back) together again remonter qch;∎ we're trying to put together enough evidence to convict him nous essayons de réunir assez de preuves pour le faire condamner;∎ to put together a convincing picture of what happened reconstituer une idée convaincante de ce qui s'est passé;∎ the programme is nicely put together ce programme est bien fait;∎ I'll just put a few things together (in my bag) je vais faire rapidement ma valise(with drug, injection) endormir➲ put up(a) (raise → hand) lever; (→ flag) hisser; (→ hood) relever; (→ umbrella) ouvrir; (→ one's hair, coat collar) relever;∎ could all those going put up their hands? que tous ceux qui y vont lèvent la main;∎ put your hands up! haut les mains!;∎ I'm going to put my feet up for a few minutes je vais me reposer un peu(b) (erect → tent) dresser, monter; (→ house, factory) construire; (→ monument, statue) ériger; (→ scaffolding) installer, monter; (→ ladder) dresser;∎ they put up a statue to her ils érigèrent une statue en son honneur∎ they've already put up the Christmas decorations ils ont déjà installé les décorations de Noël;∎ the shopkeeper put up the shutters le commerçant a baissé le rideau de fer(d) (send up → rocket, satellite) lancer∎ the results will be put up tomorrow les résultats seront affichés demain(f) (show → resistance) offrir, opposer;∎ to put up a good show bien se défendre;∎ to put up a struggle se défendre, se débattre(g) (present → argument, proposal) présenter;∎ he puts up a good case for abstention il a des arguments convaincants en faveur de l'abstention∎ to put sth up for sale/auction mettre qch en vente/aux enchères∎ we are not putting up any candidates nous ne présentons aucun candidat∎ who's putting the money up for the new business? qui finance la nouvelle entreprise?;∎ we put up our own money nous sommes auto-financés(k) (increase) faire monter, augmenter;∎ this will put up the price of meat ça va faire augmenter ou monter le prix de la viande(l) (give hospitality to) loger, héberger;∎ to put sb up for the night coucher qn(m) (urge, incite)∎ to put sb up to (doing) sth pousser qn à (faire) qch∎ to put up at a hotel descendre dans un hôtel;∎ where are you putting up? où est-ce que tu loges?; (in hotel) où es-tu descendu?;∎ I'm putting up at Gary's for the moment je loge chez Gary pour le moment(b) (stand → in election) se présenter, se porter candidat;∎ she put up as a Labour candidate elle s'est présentée comme candidate du parti travailliste∎ put up or shut up! assez parlé, agissez!∎ you shouldn't let yourself be put upon like that! tu ne devrais pas te laisser marcher sur les pieds comme ça!supporter, tolérer;∎ I refuse to put up with this noise any longer! je ne supporterai pas ce bruit une minute de plus!;∎ we'll have to put up with it il faut l'accepter ou nous y résigner -
15 obvious
adjectiveoffenkundig; (easily seen) augenfällig; sichtlich [Empfindung, innerer Zustand]; plump [Trick, Mittel]she was the obvious choice — es lag nahe, dass die Wahl auf sie fiel
the obvious thing to do is... — das Naheliegende ist...
with the obvious exception of... — natürlich mit Ausnahme von...
be obvious [to somebody] that... — [jemandem] klar sein, dass...
* * *['obviəs](easily seen or understood; evident: It was obvious that she was ill; an obvious improvement.) offensichtlich- academic.ru/89569/obviously">obviously* * *ob·vi·ous[ˈɒbviəs, AM ˈɑ:b-]I. adj deutlich, offensichtlichit was the \obvious thing to do es war das Naheliegendste\obvious comparison/objection/solution nahe liegender Vergleich/Einwand/nahe liegende Lösung\obvious defect augenfälliger Defekt\obvious displeasure deutliches Missfallen\obvious distress sichtliche Not\obvious hints eindeutige [o klare] Hinweise\obvious lie offenkundige Lügefor \obvious reasons aus ersichtlichen Gründen\obvious snub klare Abfuhr\obvious stain auffälliger Fleck\obvious storyline leicht durchschaubare Handlungto make sth \obvious etw deutlich werden lassen▪ to be \obvious [that]... offenkundig sein, dass...it is becoming \obvious [that]... es zeichnet sich immer deutlicher ab, dass...it's quite \obvious that... man merkt sofort, dass...▪ it is \obvious what/where/when/why... es liegt auf der Hand, was/wo/wann/warum...II. n▪ the \obvious das Offensichtlicheto miss the \obvious das Naheliegendste übersehen, den Wald vor lauter Bäumen nicht sehento state the \obvious etw längst Bekanntes sagen* * *['ɒbvɪəs]adjoffensichtlich, deutlich; (visually also) augenfällig; (= not subtle) plump; proof klar, eindeutig; difference, fact eindeutig, offensichtlich, offenkundig; statement naheliegend, selbstverständlich; reason (leicht) ersichtlich; dislike, reluctance, surprise sichtlichan obvious truth —
because of the obvious truth of what he maintains — da es so eindeutig or offensichtlich wahr ist, was er sagt
that's the obvious translation/solution — das ist die am nächsten liegende or nächstliegende Übersetzung/Lösung
for obvious reasons — aus naheliegenden Gründen
he was the obvious choice — es lag nahe, ihn zu wählen
it's quite obvious he doesn't understand — man merkt doch (sofort) or es ist doch klar, dass er nicht versteht
there's no need to make it so obvious —
do I have to make it even more obvious? — muss ich denn noch deutlicher werden?
with the obvious exception of... —
subtle? he's the most obvious person I know — raffiniert? ich kenne niemanden, der einfacher zu durchschauen wäre!
don't just state the obvious, try to be original — sagen Sie nicht, was sich von selbst versteht, sondern bemühen Sie sich um Originalität
what's the obvious thing to do? — was ist das Naheliegendste?, was bietet sich am ehesten an?
* * *obvious [ˈɒbvıəs; US ˈɑb-] adj (adv obviously) offensichtlich, augenfällig, klar, deutlich, naheliegend, einleuchtend, iron durchsichtig:for obvious reasons aus erklärlichen Gründen;make obvious deutlich machen;it is (very) obvious that … es liegt (klar) auf der Hand, dass …;it was the obvious thing to do es war das Nächstliegende;it should have been obvious to him that … es hätte ihm klar sein müssen, dass …;he was the obvious choice kein anderer kam dafür infrage;that’s stating the obvious das ist nichts Neues* * *adjectiveoffenkundig; (easily seen) augenfällig; sichtlich [Empfindung, innerer Zustand]; plump [Trick, Mittel]she was the obvious choice — es lag nahe, dass die Wahl auf sie fiel
the obvious thing to do is... — das Naheliegende ist...
with the obvious exception of... — natürlich mit Ausnahme von...
be obvious [to somebody] that... — [jemandem] klar sein, dass...
* * *adj.augenscheinlich adj.deutlich adj.eindeutig adj.klar adj.klar ersichtlich adj.offensichtlich adj. -
16 to
to [tu:, unstressed tə]à ⇒ 1A (a)-(c), 1A (e), 1B (b), 1D (a), 1D (l) en ⇒ 1A (c) jusqu'à ⇒ 1A (d), 1B (b) contre ⇒ 1A (e) pour ⇒ 1C (f), 1C (g), 1D (b) de ⇒ 1D (i)A.∎ to go to school/the cinema aller à l'école/au cinéma;∎ let's go to town allons en ville;∎ he climbed to the top il est monté jusqu'au sommet ou jusqu'en haut;∎ she ran to where her mother was sitting elle a couru (jusqu')à l'endroit où sa mère était assise;∎ we've been to it before nous y sommes déjà allés;∎ the vase fell to the ground le vase est tombé par ou à terre;∎ I invited them to dinner je les ai invités à dîner;∎ he returned to his work il est retourné à son ou il a repris son travail;∎ let's go to Susan's allons chez Susan;∎ to go to the doctor or doctor's aller chez le médecin;∎ he pointed to the door il a pointé son doigt vers la porte;∎ the road to the south la route du sud;∎ our house is a mile to the south notre maison est à un mile au sud;∎ it's 12 miles to the nearest town (from here) nous sommes à 12 miles de la ville la plus proche; (from there) c'est à 12 miles de la ville la plus proche;∎ what's the best way to the station? quel est le meilleur chemin pour aller à la gare?;∎ she turned his photograph to the wall elle a retourné sa photo contre le mur;∎ I sat with my back to her j'étais assis lui tournant le dos;∎ tell her to her face dites-le-lui en face(b) (indicating location, position) à;∎ the street parallel to this one la rue parallèle à celle-ci;∎ she lives next door to us elle habite à côté de chez nous;∎ to one side d'un côté;∎ to the left/right à gauche/droite;∎ the rooms to the back les chambres de derrière;∎ to leave sth to one side laisser qch de côté∎ to Madrid à Madrid;∎ to Le Havre au Havre;∎ to France en France;∎ to Argentina en Argentine;∎ to Japan au Japon;∎ to the United States aux États-Unis;∎ I'm off to Paris je pars à ou pour Paris;∎ the road to Chicago la route de Chicago;∎ on the way to Milan en allant à Milan, sur la route de Milan;∎ planes to and from Europe les vols à destination et en provenance de l'Europe(d) (indicating age, amount or level reached) jusqu'à;∎ the snow came (up) to her knees la neige lui arrivait aux genoux;∎ unemployment is up to nearly 9 percent le (taux de) chômage atteint presque les 9 pour cent;∎ they cut expenses down to a minimum ils ont réduit les frais au minimum;∎ she can count (up) to one hundred elle sait compter jusqu'à cent;∎ it's accurate to the millimetre c'est exact au millimètre près;∎ it weighs 8 to 9 pounds ça pèse entre 8 et 9 livres;∎ moderate to cool temperatures des températures douces ou fraîches;∎ to live to a great age vivre jusqu'à un âge avancé(e) (so as to make contact with) à, contre;∎ she pinned the brooch to her dress elle a épinglé la broche sur sa robe;∎ they sat in bumper-to-bumper traffic ils étaient coincés pare-chocs contre pare-chocs;∎ they danced cheek to cheek ils dansaient joue contre joue;∎ he clutched the baby to his chest il a serré l'enfant contre luiB.∎ it's ten minutes to three il est trois heures moins dix;∎ we left at a quarter to six nous sommes partis à six heures moins le quart;∎ it's twenty to il est moins vingt;∎ how long is it to dinner? on dîne dans combien de temps?;∎ there are only two weeks to Christmas il ne reste que deux semaines avant Noël(b) (up to and including) (jusqu')à;∎ from Tuesday night to Thursday morning du mardi soir (jusqu')au jeudi matin;∎ from morning to night du matin au soir;∎ from March to June de mars (jusqu')à juin;∎ a nine-to-five job des horaires mpl de fonctionnaire;∎ it was three years ago to the day since I saw her last il y a trois ans jour pour jour que je l'ai vue pour la dernière fois;∎ to this day jusqu'à ce jour, jusqu'à aujourd'hui;∎ he was brave (up) to the last il a été courageux jusqu'au bout ou jusqu'à la fin;∎ from day to day de jour en jour;∎ I read it from beginning to end je l'ai lu du début (jusqu')à la fin;∎ from bad to worse de mal en pis;∎ I do everything from scrubbing the floor to keeping the books je fais absolument tout, depuis le ménage jusqu'à la comptabilitéC.∎ to talk parler;∎ to open ouvrir;∎ to answer répondre∎ she lived to be a hundred elle a vécu jusqu'à cent ans;∎ we are to complete the work by Monday nous devons finir le travail pour lundi;∎ she went on to become a brilliant guitarist elle est ensuite devenue une excellente guitariste;∎ I finally accepted, (only) to find that they had changed their mind lorsque je me suis décidé à accepter, ils avaient changé d'avis;∎ she turned round to find him standing right in front of her lorsqu'elle s'est retournée, elle s'est retrouvée nez à nez avec lui;∎ he left the house never to return to it again il quitta la maison pour ne plus y revenir;∎ he dared to speak out against injustice il a osé s'élever contre l'injustice;∎ you can leave if you want to vous pouvez partir si vous voulez;∎ why? - because I told you to pourquoi? - parce que je t'ai dit de le faire;∎ would you like to come? - we'd love to voulez-vous venir? - avec plaisir ou oh, oui!;∎ you ought to vous devriez le faire;∎ we shall have to il le faudra bien, nous serons bien obligés∎ I have a lot to do j'ai beaucoup à faire;∎ I have a letter to write j'ai une lettre à écrire;∎ that's no reason to leave ce n'est pas une raison pour partir;∎ I haven't got money to burn je n'ai pas d'argent à jeter par les fenêtres;∎ the first to complain le premier à se plaindre;∎ the house to be sold la maison à vendre;∎ there was not a sound to be heard on n'entendait pas le moindre bruit;∎ he isn't one to forget his friends il n'est pas homme à oublier ses amis;∎ that's the way to do it voilà comment il faut faire∎ I'm happy/sad to see her go je suis content/triste de la voir partir;∎ pleased to meet you enchanté (de faire votre connaissance);∎ difficult/easy to do difficile/facile à faire;∎ it was strange to see her again c'était bizarre de la revoir;∎ she's too proud to apologize elle est trop fière pour s'excuser;∎ he's old enough to understand il est assez grand pour comprendre(e) (after "how", "which", "where" etc)∎ do you know where to go? savez-vous où aller?;∎ he told me how to get there il m'a dit comment y aller;∎ can you tell me when to get off? pourriez-vous me dire quand je dois descendre?;∎ she can't decide whether to go or not elle n'arrive pas à décider si elle va y aller ou non(f) (indicating purpose) pour;∎ I did it to annoy her je l'ai fait exprès pour l'énerver;∎ to answer that question, we must… pour répondre à cette question, il nous faut…(g) (introducing statement) pour;∎ to be honest/frank pour être honnête/franc;∎ to put it another way en d'autres termes∎ oh, to be in England! ah, si je pouvais être en Angleterre!;∎ and to think I nearly married him! quand je pense que j'ai failli l'épouser!∎ unions to strike les syndicats s'apprêtent à déclencher la grève;∎ Russia to negotiate with Baltic States la Russie va négocier avec les pays BaltesD.(a) (indicating intended recipient, owner) à;∎ I showed the picture to her je lui ai montré la photo;∎ I showed it to her je le lui ai montré;∎ show it to her montrez-le-lui;∎ the person I spoke to la personne à qui j'ai parlé;∎ that book belongs to her ce livre lui appartient;∎ be kind to him/to animals soyez gentil avec lui/bon envers les animaux;∎ what's it to him? qu'est-ce que cela peut lui faire?;∎ it doesn't matter to her ça lui est égal;∎ did you have a room to yourself? avais-tu une chambre à toi ou pour toi tout seul?;∎ to keep sth to oneself garder qch pour soi;∎ I said to myself je me suis dit;∎ he is known to the police il est connu de la police(b) (in the opinion of) pour;∎ $2 is a lot of money to some people il y a des gens pour qui 2 dollars représentent beaucoup d'argent;∎ it sounds suspicious to me cela me semble bizarre;∎ it didn't make sense to him ça n'avait aucun sens pour lui∎ with a view to clarifying matters dans l'intention d'éclaircir la situation;∎ it's all to no purpose tout cela ne sert à rien ou est en vain∎ the light changed to red le feu est passé au rouge;∎ the noise drove him to distraction le bruit le rendait fou;∎ the rain turned to snow la pluie avait fait place à la neige;∎ her admiration turned to disgust son admiration s'est transformée en dégoût;∎ (much) to my relief/surprise/delight à mon grand soulagement/mon grand étonnement/ma grande joie;∎ (much) to my horror, I found the money was missing c'est avec horreur que je me suis rendu compte que l'argent avait disparu;∎ the meat was done to perfection la viande était cuite à la perfection;∎ smashed to pieces brisé en mille morceaux;∎ moved to tears ému (jusqu')aux larmes;∎ he was beaten to death il a été battu à mort;∎ they starved to death ils sont morts de faim;∎ the court sentenced him to death le juge l'a condamné à mort;∎ she rose rapidly to power elle est arrivée au pouvoir très rapidement;∎ she sang the baby to sleep elle a chanté jusqu'à ce que le bébé s'endorme∎ the answer to your question la réponse à votre question;∎ a hazard to your health un danger pour votre santé;∎ what's your reaction to all this? comment réagissez-vous à tout ça?;∎ no one was sympathetic to his ideas ses idées ne plaisaient à personne;∎ what would you say to a game of bridge? que diriez-vous d'un bridge?, si on faisait un bridge?;∎ that's all there is to it c'est aussi simple que ça;∎ there's nothing to it il n'y a rien de plus simple;∎ there's nothing or there isn't a lot to these cameras ils ne sont pas bien compliqués, ces appareils photos;∎ to services rendered (on bill) pour services rendus∎ there are 16 ounces to a pound il y a 16 onces dans une livre;∎ there are 6 francs to the dollar un dollar vaut 6 francs;∎ there are 25 chocolates to a box il y a 25 chocolats dans chaque ou par boîte;∎ one cup of sugar to every three cups of fruit une tasse de sucre pour trois tasses de fruits;∎ three is to six as six is to twelve trois est à six ce que six est à douze;∎ Milan beat Madrid by 4 (points) to 3 Milan a battu Madrid 4 (points) à 3;∎ I'll bet 100 to 1 je parierais 100 contre 1;∎ the odds are 1000 to 1 against it happening again il y a 1 chance sur 1000 que cela se produise à nouveau;∎ the vote was 6 to 3 il y avait 6 voix contre 3∎ how many miles do you get to the gallon? ≃ vous faites combien de litres au cent?∎ inferior to inférieur à;∎ they compare her to Callas on la compare à (la) Callas;∎ that's nothing (compared) to what I've seen ce n'est rien à côté de ce que j'ai vu;∎ inflation is nothing (compared) to last year l'inflation n'est rien à côté de ou en comparaison de l'année dernière;∎ as a cook she's second to none comme cuisinière on ne fait pas mieux;∎ to prefer sth to sth préférer qch à qch∎ the key to this door la clé de cette porte;∎ he's secretary to the director/to the committee c'est le secrétaire du directeur/du comité;∎ she's assistant to the president c'est l'adjointe du président;∎ the French ambassador to Algeria l'ambassadeur français en Algérie;∎ ambassador to the King of Thailand ambassadeur auprès du roi de Thaïlande;∎ she's interpreter to the president c'est l'interprète du président;∎ Susan, sister to Mary Susan, sœur de Mary;∎ he's been like a father to me il est comme un père pour moi∎ to his way of thinking, to his mind à son avis;∎ to hear him talk, you'd think he was an expert à l'entendre parler, on croirait que c'est un expert;∎ to my knowledge, she never met him elle ne l'a jamais rencontré (pour) autant que je sache;∎ it's to your advantage to do it c'est (dans) ton intérêt de le faire;∎ the climate is not to my liking le climat ne me plaît pas;∎ add salt to taste salez selon votre goût ou à volonté;∎ she made out a cheque to the amount of £15 elle a fait un chèque de 15 livres(k) (indicating accompaniment, simultaneity)∎ we danced to live music nous avons dansé sur la musique d'un orchestre;∎ in time to the music en mesure avec la musique∎ let's drink to his health buvons à sa santé;∎ (here's) to your health! à la vôtre!;∎ (here's) to the bride! à la mariée!;∎ to my family (in dedication) à ma famille;∎ his book is dedicated to his mother son livre est dédié à sa mère;∎ a monument to the war dead un monument aux mortsE.∎ add flour to the list ajoutez de la farine sur la liste;∎ add 3 to 6 additionnez 3 et 6, ajoutez 3 à 6;∎ in addition to Charles, there were three women en plus de Charles, il y avait trois femmes∎ to the power… à la puissance…;∎ 2 to the 3rd power, 2 to the 3rd 2 (à la) puissance 32 adverb∎ the wind blew the door to un coup de vent a fermé la porte∎ to come to revenir à soi, reprendre connaissance∎ to bring a ship to mettre un bateau en panne∎ to go to and fro aller et venir, se promener de long en large; (shuttle bus etc) faire la navette;∎ to swing to and fro se balancer d'avant en arrière -
17 Artificial Intelligence
In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, EventuallyJust as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the ProgramMany problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)[AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract FormThe basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory FormationIt is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular ContextsEven if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial IntelligenceThe primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary PropositionsIn artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence
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18 ground
1. n земля, поверхность землиon firm ground — на суше, на твёрдой земле
2. n почва, земля, грунтcontaminated ground — радиоактивно заражённый грунт, радиоактивно заражённая местность
to open ground — подготавливать почву, начинать действовать
3. n дно моря4. n горн. подошва выработки5. n участок земли6. n сад, парк, участок земли вокруг дома7. n площадка; спортивная площадкаteeing ground — часть площадки, на которой находится метка
recreation ground — площадка для игр; спортплощадка
8. n полигон; аэродром; плацfiring ground — полигон, стрельбище
9. n территория10. n местность, область, район11. n высота12. n фон; грунт, грунтовка13. n офортный лак14. n жив. план15. n основание, причина, мотивthere are still grounds for hope — всё ещё можно надеяться;
on personal grounds — по личным мотивам, из личных соображений
on what ground? — на каком основании?, по какой причине?
16. n предмет, темаdebatable ground — спорная тема; предмет спора
common ground — вопрос, в котором спорящие стороны сходятся
delicate ground — щекотливая тема; щекотливый вопрос, щекотливая ситуация
17. n l18. n осадок, гуща, подонки19. n редк. остатки пищи20. n уст. фундамент21. n уст. основной принцип22. n уст. зачатки, основы23. n уст. основная, основополагающая часть24. n уст. охот. нора25. n уст. текст. основаon the ground of — на основании; на основе; по причине; исходя из соображения
26. n уст. муз. граунд, остинатный басbelow ground — умерший, скончавшийся; в земле, в могиле
to fall to the ground — рушиться; оказаться бесплодным
into the ground — до последней степени; перейдя все границы
27. a наземный28. a держащийся низко над землёйlow-lying ground — низкая местность, низина
29. a аэродромный30. v сесть на мельground bus — земляная шина; шина заземления
31. v посадить на мель32. v мор. заставить выброситься на берег или приткнуться к берегуcommon ground! — согласен!; я тоже так думаю!
33. v ав. приземляться34. v ав. заставить приземлиться35. v ав. препятствовать отрыву от землиthe planes were grounded by the fog, the fog grounded the planes — из-за тумана самолёты не могли подняться в воздух
36. v ав. класть, опускать на землюto ground arms — складывать оружие, сдаваться
37. v ав. опускаться на землю38. v ав. основывать, обосновывать39. v ав. обучать основам40. v ав. эл. заземлять41. v ав. спец. грунтовать42. v ав. мездрить43. v ав. стр. положить основаниеreasonable ground — достаточное, разумное основание
on the ground that — на том основании; что
on that ground … — на том основании, что …
44. v ав. отстранять от полётов; отчислять из лётного состава45. v ав. лишать водительских прав; не разрешать водить автомобиль46. v ав. отчислять из флота47. v ав. не разрешать вылет; не разрешать старт48. a молотый, толчёный, измельчённый49. a матовый, матированныйСинонимический ряд:1. base (noun) account; base; basement; basis; bed; bedrock; bottom; cause; factor; foot; footing; foundation; groundwork; hardpan; infrastructure; motivation; motive; premise; rest; root; seat; seating; substratum; substruction; substructure; underpinning; understructure2. land (noun) dirt; dry land; earth; land; loam; mold; mould; soil; terra firma3. reason (noun) argument; proof; reason; wherefore; why; whyfor4. base (verb) base; bottom; build; establish; fix; found; predicate; rest; root in; seat; set; settle; stay5. crunched (verb) crunched; gnashed6. fell (verb) bowl down; bowl over; bring down; cut down; deck; down; drop; fell; flatten; floor; knock down; knock over; lay low; level; mow down; prostrate; throw; throw down; tumble7. ground (verb) bone up; crammed; ground8. instruct (verb) educate; indoctrinate; instruct; train9. milled (verb) crushed; granulated; milled; powdered; pulverised10. slaved (verb) drudged; grubbed; plodded; slaved; slogged; toiledАнтонимический ряд:embellishment; heaven -
19 well
well [wel]1. noun(for water, oil) puits m3. adverba. ( = satisfactorily, skilfully) [behave, sleep, eat, treat, remember] bien• well done! bravo !• well played! bien joué !• you're well out of it! c'est une chance que tu n'aies plus rien à voir avec cela !b. (intensifying = very much, thoroughly) bien• well over 1,000 people bien plus de 1 000 personnesc. ( = with good reason, with equal reason) one might well ask why on pourrait à juste titre demander pourquoi• you might (just) as well say that... autant dire que...• and it rained as well! et par-dessus le marché il a plu !e. ( = positively) to think/speak well of penser/dire du bien de4. exclamation• he has won the election! -- well, well, well! il a été élu ! -- tiens, tiens !• well, what do you think of it? alors qu'en dites-vous ?• well, here we are at last! eh bien ! nous voilà enfin !• you know Paul? well, he's getting married vous connaissez Paul ? eh bien il se marie• are you coming? -- well... I've got a lot to do here vous venez ? -- c'est que... j'ai beaucoup à faire ici5. adjective(comparative, superlative best)a. bien, bon• that's all very well but... tout ça c'est bien joli mais... (PROV) all's well that ends well(PROV) tout est bien qui finit bienb. ( = healthy) how are you? -- very well, thank you comment allez-vous ? -- très bien, merci• get well soon! remets-toi vite !c. (cautious) it is as well to remember that... il ne faut pas oublier que...6. prefix• well-chosen/dressed bien choisi/habillé7. compounds• you would be well-advised to leave vous auriez (tout) intérêt à partir ► well-appointed adjective [house, room] bien aménagé► well-kept adjective [house, garden, hair] bien entretenu ; [hands, nails] soigné ; [secret] bien gardé► well-meaning adjective [person] bien intentionné ; [remark, action] fait avec les meilleures intentions• you don't know when you're well-off ( = fortunate) tu ne connais pas ton bonheur ► well-paid adjective bien payé• he got many letters from well-wishers il a reçu de nombreuses lettres d'encouragement ► well-woman clinic noun (British) centre prophylactique et thérapeutique pour femmes* * *I 1. [wel]1) ( in good health)are you well? — vous allez bien?, tu vas bien?
‘how is he?’ - ‘as well as can be expected’ — ‘comment va-t-il?’ - ‘pas trop mal étant donné les circonstances’
2) ( in satisfactory state) bienthat's all very well, but — tout ça c'est bien beau, mais
it's all very well for you to laugh, but — tu peux rire, mais
3) ( prudent)4) ( fortunate)it was just as well for him that the shops were still open — il a eu de la chance que les magasins aient été encore ouverts
2.the flight was delayed, which was just as well — le vol a été retardé, ce qui n'était pas plus mal
1) ( satisfactorily) bienI did well in the general knowledge questions — je me suis bien débrouillé pour les questions de culture générale
to do well at school — être bon/bonne élève
to do well by somebody — se montrer généreux/-euse avec quelqu'un
some businessmen did quite well out of the war — certains hommes d'affaires se sont enrichis pendant la guerre
she didn't come out of it very well — ( of situation) elle ne s'en est pas très bien sortie; (of article, programme etc) ce n'était pas très flatteur pour elle
2) ( used with modal verbs)I can well believe it — je veux bien le croire, je n'ai pas de mal à le croire
‘shall I shut the door?’ - ‘you might as well’ — ‘est-ce que je ferme la porte?’ - ‘pourquoi pas’
she looked shocked, as well she might — elle a eu l'air choquée, ce qui n'avait rien d'étonnant
3) ( intensifier) bien, largementthe weather remained fine well into September — le temps est resté au beau fixe pendant une bonne partie du mois de septembre
she was active well into her eighties — elle était toujours active même au-delà de ses quatre-vingts ans
4) ( approvingly)5)3.exclamation ( expressing astonishment) eh bien!; (expressing indignation, disgust) ça alors!; ( expressing disappointment) tant pis!; (after pause in conversation, account) bon; ( qualifying statement) enfinwell, you may be right — après tout, tu as peut-être raison
well, that's too bad — c'est vraiment dommage
well then, what's the problem? — alors, quel est le problème?
oh well, there's nothing I can do about it — ma foi, je n'y peux rien
4.well, well, well, so you're off to America? — alors comme ça, tu pars aux États-Unis!
as well adverbial phrase aussi5.as well as prepositional phrase aussi bien quethey have a house in the country as well as an apartment in Paris — ils ont à la fois une maison à la campagne et un appartement à Paris
••to be well in with somebody — (colloq) être bien avec quelqu'un (colloq)
to leave well alone GB ou well enough alone US — ne pas s'en mêler
II 1. [wel] 2.you're well out of it! — (colloq) heureusement que tu n'as plus rien à voir avec ça!
Phrasal Verbs:- well up -
20 sense
1. noun1) (faculty of perception) Sinn, dersense of smell/touch/taste — Geruchs-/Tast-/Geschmackssinn, der
have taken leave of one's senses — den Verstand verloren haben
bring somebody to his senses — jemanden zur Vernunft od. Besinnung bringen
3) (consciousness) Gefühl, dassense of responsibility/guilt — Verantwortungs-/Schuldgefühl, das
out of a sense of duty — aus Pflichtgefühl
4) (practical wisdom) Verstand, derthere's a lot of sense in what he's saying — was er sagt, klingt sehr vernünftig
have the sense to do something — so vernünftig sein, etwas zu tun
what is the sense of or in doing that? — was hat man davon od. wozu soll es gut sein, das zu tun?
now you are talking sense — jetzt wirst du vernünftig
make somebody see sense — jemanden zur Vernunft bringen; see also academic.ru/14644/common_sense">common sense; good I 1.
in the strict or literal sense — im strengen od. wörtlichen Sinn
in every sense [of the word] — in jeder Hinsicht
it does not make sense to do that — es ist Unsinn od. unvernünftig, das zu tun
2. transitive verbit makes [a lot of] sense — (is [very] reasonable) es ist [sehr] sinnvoll
spüren; [Tier:] wittern* * *[sens] 1. noun1) (one of the five powers (hearing, taste, sight, smell, touch) by which a person or animal feels or notices.) der Sinn2) (a feeling: He has an exaggerated sense of his own importance.) das Gefühl3) (an awareness of (something): a well-developed musical sense; She has no sense of humour.) der Sinn4) (good judgement: You can rely on him - he has plenty of sense.) der Verstand5) (a meaning (of a word).) der Sinn6) (something which is meaningful: Can you make sense of her letter?) der Sinn2. verb(to feel, become aware of, or realize: He sensed that she disapproved.) fühlen- senseless- senselessly
- senselessness
- senses
- sixth sense* * *[sen(t)s]I. nI hope they'll have the [good] \sense to shut the windows before they leave ich hoffe, sie sind so klug, die Fenster zu schließen, bevor sie gehento make [good] \sense sinnvoll seinplanning so far ahead makes no \sense es hat keinen Sinn, so weit im Voraus zu planento see the \sense in sth den Sinn in etw dat sehento talk \sense sich akk verständlich ausdrückenthere's no \sense in doing sth es hat keinen Sinn, etw zu tunthere's no \sense in waiting es ist zwecklos zu warten2. (reason)▪ one's \senses pl jds gesunder Menschenverstandit's time you came to your \senses es wird Zeit, dass du zur Vernunft kommstto bring sb to their \senses jdn zur Vernunft bringento take leave of one's \senses den Verstand verlieren\sense of hearing Gehör nt\sense of sight Sehvermögen nt\sense of smell/taste/touch Geruchs-/Geschmacks-/Tastsinn mthe five \senses die fünf Sinnesixth \sense sechster Sinndid you get any \sense of how they might react? kannst du dir irgendwie denken, wie sie reagieren werden?▪ to have a \sense that... das Gefühl haben, dass...I had a sudden \sense that I was needed at home ich spürte auf einmal, dass ich zu Hause gebraucht wurde\sense of beauty Schönheitssinn m\sense of belonging Zusammengehörigkeitsgefühl nt\sense of direction Orientierungssinn m\sense of duty Pflichtgefühl nt\sense of justice/reality Gerechtigkeits-/Realitätssinn ma \sense of security ein Gefühl nt der Sicherheita \sense of social responsibility ein Gefühl nt für soziale Verantwortung\sense of time Zeitgefühl ntthe broad/narrow \sense of a word/term die weite/enge Bedeutung eines Wortes/Begriffesin the broad[est] \sense of the term im weitesten Sinne des Wortesfigurative/literal \sense übertragene/wörtliche [o ursprüngliche] Bedeutungto make \sense einen Sinn ergebenthis passage doesn't make \sense diese Passage ist unverständlichI've read the letter twice, but I can't make any \sense of it ich habe den Brief zweimal gelesen, aber ich kann mir keinen Reim darauf machenin a \sense in gewisser Weisewe are in no \sense obliged to agree to this wir sind in keiner Weise verpflichtet, dem zuzustimmenin every \sense in jeder Hinsicht7. (aptitude)to have a \sense of fun Spaß verstehen könnenit was just a joke — where's your \sense of fun? das war doch nur ein Scherz — verstehst du keinen Spaß?to have a \sense of humour Sinn für Humor haben8. (direction)II. vt▪ to \sense sb/sth jdn/etw wahrnehmen▪ to \sense that... spüren, dass...he \sensed that his guests were bored er spürte, dass seine Gäste sich langweiltencould you \sense what was likely to happen? hattest du eine Ahnung von dem, was passieren konnte?to \sense sb's anger jds Wut spürento \sense danger Gefahr wittern* * *[sens]1. n1) (bodily) Sinn msense of hearing — Gehörsinn m, Gehör nt
2) pl (= right mind) Verstand mno man in his senses... — kein einigermaßen vernünftiger Mensch...
to frighten sb out of his senses —
his senses were deranged by... — er war durch... völlig verstört
to come to one's senses — zur Vernunft or Besinnung kommen, Vernunft annehmen
3) (= feeling) Gefühl nta sense of occasion — das Gefühl, dass etwas Besonderes stattfindet
4) (= instinct, appreciation) Sinn mhis sense for what is appropriate — sein Gefühl nt or Gespür nt dafür, was angebracht ist
/justice — Farben-/Gerechtigkeitssinn m
5)haven't you sense enough or enough sense to stop when you're tired? — bist du nicht vernünftig genug aufzuhören, wenn du müde bist?
he had the (good) sense to... — er war so vernünftig or klug or gescheit und...
you should have had more sense than to... — du hättest vernünftiger sein sollen und nicht...
there is no sense in that — das hat keinen Sinn, es ist zwecklos
there's a lot of sense in that — das hat Hand und Fuß, das ist ganz vernünftig
what's the sense of or in doing this? — welchen Sinn hat es denn, das zu tun?
there is no sense in doing that — es ist zwecklos or sinnlos, das zu tun
there's some sense in what he says — was er sagt, ist ganz vernünftig
there's some sense in doing that — es wäre ganz vernünftig, das zu tun
6)it doesn't make sense doing it that way/spending or to spend all that money —
why did he decide that? – I don't know, it doesn't make sense — warum hat er das beschlossen? – ich weiß es nicht, es ist mir unverständlich or es macht keinen Sinn
it makes good financial/political sense to... — aus finanzieller/politischer Sicht gesehen ist es sehr vernünftig, zu...
he/his theory doesn't make sense — er/seine Theorie ist völlig unverständlich
it all makes sense now —
it doesn't make sense, the jewels were there a minute ago — das ist ganz unverständlich, die Juwelen waren doch eben noch da
to make sense of sth — etw verstehen, aus etw schlau werden (inf)
you're not making sense (in explaining sth, in plans, intentions etc) — das ist doch Unsinn; (in behaviour, attitude) ich werde aus Ihnen nicht schlau (inf)
now you're making sense (in explaining sth) — jetzt verstehe ich, was Sie meinen; (in plans, intentions etc) das ist endlich eine vernünftige Idee
7) (= meaning) Sinn m no plit has three distinct senses —
in what sense are you using the word? — in welchem Sinn or welcher Bedeutung gebrauchen Sie das Wort?
8)(= way, respect)
in a sense — in gewisser Hinsicht, gewissermaßenin what sense? —
in one sense what he claims is true — in gewisser Hinsicht hat er mit seiner Behauptung recht
2. vtfühlen, spürenI could sense someone there in the dark — ich fühlte or spürte, dass da jemand in der Dunkelheit war
* * *sense [sens]A s1. Sinn m, Sinnesorgan n:sense of hearing (sight, smell, taste, touch) Gehör-(Gesichts-, Geruchs-, Geschmacks-, Tast)sinn;2. pl Sinne pl, (klarer) Verstand:in (out of) one’s senses bei (von) Sinnen;bring sb to their senses jemanden wieder zur Besinnung bringen;3. fig Vernunft f, Verstand m:a man of sense ein vernünftiger oder kluger Mensch;have the sense to do sth so klug sein, etwas zu tun;4. Sinne pl, Empfindungsvermögen n5. Gefühl n:a) Empfindung f (of für):sense of achievement Erfolgserlebnis n;sense of pain Schmerzgefühl;b) Ahnung f, unbestimmtes Gefühlof für):sense of balance Gleichgewichtssinn, -empfinden n, -gefühl;sense of beauty Schönheitssinn;sense of duty Pflichtbewusstsein n, -gefühl;a keen sense of justice ein ausgeprägter Gerechtigkeitssinn;sense of responsibility Verantwortungsgefühl, -bewusstsein n;sense of shame Schamgefühl;sense of time Zeitgefühl; → belonging 1, direction 1, honor B 1, humor A 4, locality 1 a, mission 5, pitch2 C 8, purpose B 4, self-worth7. Sinn m, Bedeutung f:in every sense in jeder Hinsicht;in a sense in gewissem Sinne;in the good and in the bad sense im guten wie im bösen oder schlechten Sinn8. Sinn m, (etwas) Vernünftiges:what is the sense of doing this? was hat es für einen Sinn, das zu tun?;is there a sense in which …? könnte man vielleicht sagen, dass …?;it makes sense es macht Sinn, es hat Hand und Fuß, es klingt plausibel;it does not make sense es hat oder macht keinen Sinn;I could make no sense of it ich konnte mir darauf keinen Reim machen;talk sense vernünftig redentake the sense of the meeting die Meinung der Versammlung einholen10. MATH Richtung f:sense of rotation Drehsinn mB v/t1. empfinden, fühlen, spüren, ahnen2. ITa) abtastenb) abfragen3. besonders US umg kapieren* * *1. noun1) (faculty of perception) Sinn, dersense of smell/touch/taste — Geruchs-/Tast-/Geschmackssinn, der
bring somebody to his senses — jemanden zur Vernunft od. Besinnung bringen
3) (consciousness) Gefühl, dassense of responsibility/guilt — Verantwortungs-/Schuldgefühl, das
4) (practical wisdom) Verstand, derthere's a lot of sense in what he's saying — was er sagt, klingt sehr vernünftig
have the sense to do something — so vernünftig sein, etwas zu tun
what is the sense of or in doing that? — was hat man davon od. wozu soll es gut sein, das zu tun?
make somebody see sense — jemanden zur Vernunft bringen; see also common sense; good I 1.
in the strict or literal sense — im strengen od. wörtlichen Sinn
in every sense [of the word] — in jeder Hinsicht
in a or one sense — in gewisser Hinsicht od. Weise
it does not make sense to do that — es ist Unsinn od. unvernünftig, das zu tun
2. transitive verbit makes [a lot of] sense — (is [very] reasonable) es ist [sehr] sinnvoll
spüren; [Tier:] wittern* * *n.Empfindung f.Gefühl -e n.Sinn -e m.Verstand -¨e m.Wahrnehmung f. v.abfühlen v.abtasten v.empfinden v.fühlen v.wahrnehmen v.
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